Multiscale Convolutional Neural Networks for Vision–Based Classification of Cells

International audienceWe present a Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN) approach for vision-based classification of cells. Based on several deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) acting at different resolutions, the proposed architecture avoid the classical handcrafted features extraction step, by processing features extraction and classification as a whole. The proposed approach gives better classification rates than classical state-of-the-art methods allowing a safer Computer-Aided Diagnosis of pleural cancer

Morphological Features of Dysplastic Progression in Epithelium: Quantification of Cytological, Microendoscopic, and Second Harmonic Generation Images

Advances in imaging technology have led to a variety of available clinical and investigational systems. In this collection of studies, we tested the relevance of morphological image feature quantification on several imaging systems and epithelial tissues. Quantification carries the benefit of creating numerical baselines and thresholds of healthy and abnormal tissues, to potentially aid clinicians in determining a diagnosis, as well as providing researchers with standardized, unbiased results for future dissemination and comparison. Morphological image features in proflavine stained oral cells were compared qualitatively to traditional Giemsa stained cells, and then we quantified the nuclear to cytoplasm ratio. We determined that quantification of proflavine stained cells matched our hypothesis, as the nuclei in oral carcinoma cells were significantly larger than healthy oral cells. Proflavine has been used in conjunction with translational fluorescence microendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract, and we demonstrated the ability of our custom algorithm to accurately (up to 85% sensitivity) extract colorectal crypt area and circularity data, which could minimize the burden of training on clinicians. In addition, we proposed fluorescein as an alternative fluorescent dye, providing comparable crypt area and circularity information. In order to investigate the morphological changes of crypts via the supporting collagen structures, we adapted our quantification algorithm to analyze crypt area, circularity, and an additional shape parameter in second harmonic generation images of label-free freshly resected murine epithelium. Murine models of colorectal cancer (CRC) were imaged at early and late stages of tumor progression, and we noted significant differences between the Control groups and the late cancer stages, with some differences between early and late stages of CRC progression

Analysis of AgNOR Count and SAPA Score in FNAC of Breast Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: Breast Carcinoma is one of the most common neoplasms in women and is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a rapid method for diagnosing breast lesions as an outpatient procedure. Nucleolar Organizer regions (NORs) is the earliest proliferation marker, which are increased in malignant neoplasms compared to benign neoplasms. OBJECTIVES: 1. To analyse the Clinical and Cytomorphological features of Breast Neoplasm. 2. To correlate the AgNOR count and SAPA score of Breast neoplasms in FNAC with Histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of FNAC and subsequent Histopathology of available cases in Breast neoplasms among 100 cases undertaken in the Department of Pathology, Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital, Coimbatore during the study period of about two years (July 2017 to June 2019). RESULTS: In our study, the mean AgNOR count in cytology correlated with histopathology reveals 3.4 +/- 0.905 and SAPA score was 6.82 +/- 1.585 among benign lesions of breast. In malignant lesions, the mean AgNOR count and SAPA score was 6.252+/- 1.763 and 11.33 +/- 2.253 respectively. CONCLUSION: AgNOR count and SAPA score reflects the proliferative activity of the cell in which AgNOR dots are quite increased in malignant neoplasms compared to the benign. Mean AgNOR count and SAPA score together provides better accuracy for distinguishing malignant from benign neoplasms

A Comparative study of Scrape cytology and biopsy in Mucocutaneous malignancies.

INTRODUCTION : Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of shed or desquamated cells from the epithelial surface usually the mucous membrane. It also includes the study of those cells that have been collected by scraping the tissue surface or collected from body fluids such as sputum. The understanding and application of exfoliative cytology techniques in mucocutaneous malignancies in India is not widely used particularly, for the purpose of diagnosis unlike our counter parts in the developed countries. More papers on exfoliative cytology were published during the period 1955-75 than in any other period. Renewed interest emerged in the past decade after the employment of newer techniques of quantitative analysis, DNA cytomorphometry, and identification of tumour markers on the cytological samples. The Rationale of exfoliative cytology lies in the epithelial physiology. Continuous exfoliation of epithelial cells is a part of physiological turnover. Deeper cells, which are strongly adhered in normal conditions, become loose in the case of malignancy and exfoliate along with superficial cells. AIM : Scrape (exfoliative) cytology is a simple and non invasive procedure, which has been a controversial technique according to its real validity. In recent times it has re-emerged due to its application in mucocutaneous cancer as a diagnostic and predictive method as well as for monitoring patients. New diagnostic techniques have been developed, such as “brush biopsy” and multiple molecular studies using the cells collected. The aim of the present study is to compare the usefulness of scrape cytology and biopsy in the diagnosis of accessible mucocutaneous malignancies done at Surgical Oncology department of Government Royapettah hospital and there by determining its sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. CONCLUSION : Biopsy is the Gold Standard procedure for the diagnosis of mucocutaneous malignancies. Scrape (exfoliative) cytology is a simple and noninvasive procedure, which has been a controversial technique according to its real validity. In recent times it has re-emerged due to its application in mucocutaneous cancer as a diagnostic and predictive method as well as for monitoring patients. Rationale of exfoliative cytology lies in loss of cohesiveness of cells, proliferating cells and proplastic cells (Cell with an increased activity). The results of the current study demonstrate that scrape cytology is a reliable rapid screening and diagnostic procedure in the outpatient setting for mucocutaneous malignancy. The duration of the scrape cytology process takes 20 min as against 3 to 4 days for biopsy. It is a painless, bloodless noninvasive, quick and simple procedure. In our study the Sensitivity is 70.3% and positive predictive value is 94.8% as against 95% and 98% respectively in other studies

Application of morphometry, static DNA ploidy analysis, and steroid receptor expression in diagnosis and prognosis of Libyan breast cancer

The aim of this study was to describe the demographic, clinicopathological, biological and morphometric features of Libyan breast cancer patients. The supporting value of nuclear morphometry and static image cytometry in the sensitivity for detecting breast cancer in conventional fine-needle aspiration biopsies were estimated. The findings were compared with findings in breast cancer in Finland and Nigeria. In addation, the value of ER and PR were evaluated. There were 131 histological samples, 41 cytological samples, and demographic and clinicopathological data from 234 Libyan patients. The Libyan breast cancer is dominantly premenopausal and in this feature it is similar to breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africans, but clearly different from breast cancer in Europeans, whose cancers are dominantly postmenopausal in character. At presention most Libyan patients have locally advanced disease, which is associated with poor survival rates. Nuclear morphometry and image DNA cytometry agree with earlier published data in the Finnish population and indicate that nuclear size and DNA analysis of nuclear content can be used to increase the cytological sensitivity and specificity in doubtful breast lesions, particularly when free cell sampling method is used. Combination of the morphometric data with earlier free cell data gave the following diagnostic guidelines: Range of overlap in free cell samples: 55 μm2 -71 μm2. Cut-off values for diagnostic purposes: Mean nuclear area (MNA) >54 μm2 for 100% detection of malignant cases (specificity 84 %), MNA < 72 μm2 for 100% detection of benign cases (sensitivity 91%). Histomorphometry showed a significant correlation between the MNA and most clinicopathological features, with the strongest association observed for histological grade (p <0.0001). MNA seems to be a prognosticator in Libyan breast cancer (Pearson’s test r = - 0.29, p = 0.019), but at lower level of significance than in the European material. A corresponding relationship was not found in shape-related morphometric features. ER and PR staining scores were in correlation with the clinical stage (p= 0.017, and 0.015, respectively), and also associated with lymph node negative patients (p=0.03, p=0.05, respectively). Receptor-positive (HR+) patients had a better survival. The fraction of HR+ cases among Libyan breast cancers is about the same as the fraction of positive cases in European breast cancer. The study suggests that also weak staining (corresponding to as few as 1% positive cells) has prognostic value. The prognostic significance may be associated with the practice to use antihormonal therapy in HR+ cases. The low survival and advanced presentation is associated with active cell proliferation, atypical nuclear morphology and aneuploid nuclear DNA content in Libyan breast cancer patients. The findings support the idea that breast cancer is not one type of disease, but should probably be classified into premenopausal and post menopausal types.Morfometria, staattinen DNA sytometria, ja steroidireseptorit libyalaisen rintasyövän diagnostiikassa ja ennusteen arvioinnissa Väitöskirja kuvaa rintasyöpää sairastavien libyalaisten naisten elinoloja, ja heidän rintasyöpänsä kliinispatologisia, biologisia ja morfometrisia piirteitä. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin, miten tumamorfometria ja staattinen DNA sytometriä lisäävät ohutneulabiopsian herkkyyttä löytää syöpäkasvain. Löydöksiä verrattiin suomalaisten ja nigerialaisten rintasyöpäpotilaiden tietoihin. Työssä arvioitiin myös steroidireseptorin merkitystä rintasyöpämateriaalissa. 131 histologista ja 41 sytologista näytettä analysoitiin, ja 234 libyalaisen potilaan kliinispatologiset ja väestötiedot tutkittiin. Libyalainen rintasyöpä on etupäässä premenopausaalista, ja eroaa siksi eurooppalaisesta rintasyövästä, joka on pääosin postmenopausaalista. Saharan eteläpuolinen rintasyöpä Afrikassa on myös selvästi premenopausaalista. Taudin toteamisvaiheessa useimmilla libyalaisilla naisilla oli paikallisesti levinnyt rintasyöpä johon liittyy huonompi ennuste kuin vain maitorauhasen sisäiseen syöpään. Tumamorfometrian ja DNA sytometrian tulokset ovat yhteneväisiä suomalaisesta rintasyöpämateriaalista julkaistujen tulosten kanssa. Menetelmiä voidaan käyttää lisäämään ohutneulabiopsiatutkimuksen herkkyyttä ja spesifisyyttä. Kun aikaisempien tutkimusten tulokset yhdistetään tässä tutkimuksessa havaittuihin, saadaan diagnostiikassa käytettäviksi tuloksiksi: hyvänlaatuisten ja rintasyöpäsolujen yhteinen kokoalue oli 55-71 neliömikrometriä. Kaikki syöpätapaukset löydettiin niiden näytteiden joukosta, joissa tumien alojen keskiarvo oli yli 54 neliömikrometriä. Tämä vastaa 100%:n herkkyyttä. Vastaava spesifisyys oli 84%. Kaikki hyvänlaatuiset näytteet sisältyivät tapauksiin, joissa tuman keskimääräinen ala oli alle 72 neliömikrometriä. Tällä alueella rintasyövän toteamisen herkkyys oli 91%. Rintasyöpäsolun keskimääräinen tuman pinta-ala oli suhteessa useimpiin ennusteellisiin kliinispatologisiin tietoihin. Vahvin korrelaatio oli suhteessa histologiseen erilaistumisasteeseen (gradus). Tilastollinen merkitsevyys ei kuitenkaan ollut libyalaisessa materiaalissa samaa luokkaa kuin aikaisemmin julkaistussa suomalaisessa materiaalissa. Kasvainsolun tuman muotoon liittyvillä tekijöillä ei ollut ennusteellista merkitystä. Steroidireseptorien värjäytyvyyttä arvioitiin histologisesti. Värjäytyvyydellä oli selvä yhteys kliiniseen levinneisyysasteeseen ja imusolmuke-etäpesäkkeiden esiintymiseen. Steroidireseptoripositiiviset syövät liittyivät pitempään keskimääräiseen eloonjäämisaikaan. Steroidireseptoripositiivisten potilaiden osuus libyalaisessa materiaalissa oli sama kuin suomalaisessa materiaalissa. Tutkimus osoitti, että myös heikko värjäytyminen oli ennusteellisesti merkitsevä. Reseptorien ennusteellinen merkitys voi liittyä siihen, että positiivisia potilaita hoidetaan antiestrogeenihoidolla. Rintasyövän heikompi ennuste Libyassa ja taudin levinneisyys diagnoosivaiheessa näyttää liittyvän lisääntyneeseen proliferaatioaktiivisuuteen, poikkeavaan tumarakenteeseen ja aneuploidiseen DNA pitoisuuteen. Löydökset tukevat ajatusta, että rintasyöpää ei välttämättä ole pidettävä yhtenäisenä biologisena tautina, vaan se voitaisiin ehkä jakaa premenopausaaliseen ja postmenopausaaliseen rintasyöpään.Siirretty Doriast

Some aspects of the growth and differentiation of the molar tooth germ in the in the mouse (Mus musculus)

The present work Is concerned with two aspects: I. A description is given of the distribution of mitoses in the inner enamel epithelium of the mouse molar teeth during ontogeny, from the aspect of the establishment of the crown pattern. This distribution is correlated with cusp formation.Within limits of experimental error during reconstruction and plotting the mitoses, it has been shown that mitosis ceases at an early stage in areas which will eventually lie at the cusp tips, but continues between them, so that the valleys grow downwards leaving the cusps in a more elevated position. In other words, the relative positions of the cusps (mitoses-free areas), and the valleys (areas of intense mitoses) on the crown have been shown to be mapped out (predetermined) early in development. The theory of 'insinuation' of the stratum intermedium among the inner enamel epithelium has been rejected. II. A description of the cytology of the ameloblasts andodontoblasts is given with the aim of adding more detail to earlier accounts. In particular, it is shown that the Golgi apparatus changes polarity and varies in form during the life cycle of the ameloblasts, and an attempt is made toarrive at a more concrete idea of its role during the life of ameloblasts.The Aoyama method is used for the first time for demonstrating the Golgi apparatus in teeth. Also, Powers' method for nerve fibres, is used for the first time to show the Golgi apparatus, a method which has not been used for this purpose in teeth or any other tissue. The cytologic activity of the formative cells has been correlated with the morphologic changes of the Golgi apparatus. This correlation has been used to illustrate important phases of amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. The presence of the kionoblasts" among the ameloblasts and the 'radial cells' among the odontoblasts is denied.<p