SecureTrack- A contact tracing IoT platform for monitoring infectious diseases

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for innovative solutions to monitor and control the spread of infectious diseases. With the potential for future pandemics and the risk of outbreaks particularly in academic institutions, there is a pressing need for effective approaches to monitor and manage such diseases. Contact tracing using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has been found to be the most prevalent method to detect and tackle the extent of outbreaks during the pandemic. However, these services suffer from the inherent problems of infringement of data privacy that creates hindrance in adoption of the technology. Non-cellular wireless technologies on the other hand are well-suited to provide secure contact tracing methods. Such approaches integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) have a great potential to aid in the fight against any type of infectious diseases. In response, we present a unique approach that utilizes an IoT based generic framework to identify individuals who may have been exposed to the virus, using contact tracing methods, without compromising the privacy aspect. We develop the architecture of our platform, including both the frontend and backend components, and demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying potential COVID-19 exposures (as a test case) through a proof-of-concept implementation. We also implement and verify a prototype of the device. Our framework is easily deployable and can be scaled up as needed with the existing infrastructure.Comment: 22 Pages, 8 figures, To be published in "The Global Interdisciplinary Green Cities Conference 2023 Business, Engineering, Art, Architecture, Design, Political Science, International Relations, Applied Science & Technology.

Differential COVID-19 infection rates in children, adults, and elderly: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 pre-vaccination national seroprevalence studies

Background Debate exists about whether extra protection of elderly and other vulnerable individuals is feasible in COVID-19. We aimed to assess the relative infection rates in the elderly vs the non-elderly and, secondarily, in children vs adults.Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence studies conducted in the pre-vaccination era. We identified representative nation-al studies without high risk of bias through SeroTracker and PubMed searches (last updated May 17, 2022). We noted seroprevalence estimates for children, non-elderly adults, and elderly adults, using cut-offs of 20 and 60 years (or as close to these ages, if they were unavailable) and compared them between dif-ferent age groups.Results We included 38 national seroprevalence studies from 36 different coun-tries comprising 826 963 participants. Twenty-six of these studies also includ-ed pediatric populations and twenty-five were from high-income countries. The median ratio of seroprevalence in elderly vs non-elderly adults (or non-elderly in general, if pediatric and adult population data were not offered separately) was 0.90-0.95 in different analyses, with large variability across studies. In five studies (all in high-income countries), we observed significant protection of the elderly with a ratio of <0.40, with a median of 0.83 in high-income countries and 1.02 elsewhere. The median ratio of seroprevalence in children vs adults was 0.89 and only one study showed a significant ratio of <0.40. The main limitation of our study is the inaccuracies and biases in seroprevalence studies.Conclusions Precision shielding of elderly community-dwelling populations be-fore the availability of vaccines was indicated in some high-income countries, but most countries failed to achieve any substantial focused protection.Registration Open Science Framework (available at: https://osf.io/xvupr

Change in age distribution of COVID-19 deaths with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination

Objectives: Most countries initially deployed COVID-19 vaccines preferentially in elderly populations. We aimed to evaluate whether population-level vaccine effectiveness is heralded by an increase in the relative proportion of deaths among non-elderly populations that were less covered by vaccination programs. Eligible data: We collected data from 40 countries on age-stratified COVID-19 deaths during the vaccination period (1/14/2021-5/31/2021) and two control periods (entire pre-vaccination period and excluding the first wave). Main outcome measures: We meta-analyzed the proportion of deaths in different age groups in vaccination versus control periods in (1) countries with low vaccination rates; (2) countries with age-independent vaccination policies; and (3) countries with standard age-dependent vaccination policies. Results: Countries that prioritized vaccination among older people saw an increasing share of deaths among 0-69 year old people in the vaccination versus the two control periods (summary proportion ratio 1.32 [95 CI% 1.24-1.41] and 1.35 [95 CI% 1.26-1.44)]. No such change was seen on average in countries with age-independent vaccination policies (1.05 [95 CI% 0.78-1.41 and 0.97 [95 CI% 0.95-1.00], respectively) and limited vaccination (0.93 [95 CI% 0.85-1.01] and 0.95 [95 CI% 0.87-1.03], respectively). Proportion ratios were associated with the difference of vaccination rates in elderly versus non-elderly people. No significant changes occurred in the share of deaths in age 0-49 among all 0-69 deaths in the vaccination versus pre-vaccination periods. Conclusions: The substantial shift in the age distribution of COVID-19 deaths in countries that rapidly implemented vaccination predominantly among elderly provides evidence for the population level-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination and a favorable evolution of the pandemic towards endemicity with fewer elderly deaths. Keywords: COVID-19; Death; Population data; Vaccination