Genesis reversed: climate change impacts on agriculture and livelihoods in mixed crop-livestock systems of East Africa

Climate-induced livelihood transitons in the agricultural systems of Africa are increasingly likely. There has been only limited study on what such transitons might look like, but it is clear that the implicatons could be profound in relaton to social, environmental, economic and politcal efects at local and natonal levels. The work here was set up to test the hypothesis that sedentary farmers who currently keep livestock in transiton zones that may become warmer and possibly drier in the future may ultmately be forced to increase their reliance on livestock vis-a?-vis cropping in the future. We carried out feldwork in 12 sites in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda to understand how farming systems have been changing in the recent past. We then evaluated what the impacts of these changes, and further changes in the same directon, may be on household incomes and food security in the coming decades, using crop and household modelling. We found no direct evidence for the hypothesised extensifcaton of agricultural producton in the study sites. Indeed, the processes of farming systems evoluton in East Africa are substantally conditoned by powerful socio-cultural processes, it appears

Pengembangan Teknik Diagnosa Paratuberkulosis Dengan Enzim Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Diagnosis Technique Development Paratuberkulosis With Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis diseases of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The disease spreads by faeces with clinical signs of progressivediarrhoae and weight losses. Diagnostic kit for paratuberculosis testing be needed for control and monitoring. The aim of research for develop of ELISA to diagnosis of paratuberculosis desease. The ELISA was developed have 0,29 of a cut – off value with both positive and negative control be tested by using commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX), showed good result. The result of ELISA 80 serum sample of dairy cattle from Kaliadem, Sleman-Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, showed negativeparatuberculosis (mean of OD 0,162 ± 0,015)

Relationship Between Physiological Characteristic and Bean Quality on Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma Cacao L.)

Photosynthesis is one of the physiological process that influence the bean weight and this process related with the efectiveness of the stomata character and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The research was conducted at Kaliwining Research Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. Design of experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisted of six clones as treatment were Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, Sca 6, ICS 60, TSH 858, ICCRI 03, PA 300. Each treatment was replicated three times. Stomata resistance diffusion, tranpiration,the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), bean number and bean weight were observed. The resuts of experiment showed that difference in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total (a+b), stomata resistance diffusion, bean number and bean weight existed within six clones tested. Transpiration rate did not show the significantly different between six clones tested. Sulawesi 1 showed the highest content of chlorophyll a and ICS 60 and ICCRI 03 showed higher content of chlorophyll b than the other clones. Chlorophyll a, b and total (a+b) showed positively influence on bean number and bean weight. Transpiration rate had negatively influence to bean number per pod, on the otherhand it showed positively influence to bean weight. Chlorophyll total (a+b) showed high genetic variance (σg2), high phenotypic variance (σf2) and high estimated value of heritability (H). The chlorophyll a,b had moderate genetic variance, moderate phenotypic variance and high of estimated value of heritability. Chlorophyll total (a+b) could be used a selection criteria based on the value of correlation, genetic variance, phenotypic variance and estimated value of heritability would give high opportunity in selection process

Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism and Its Association with Partial Cumulative Milk Yields of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle

Growth hormone gene (GH gene) plays an important role in regulating body growth and in developing mammary gland, similar with its interaction to specific receptors. The GH gene has been considered as one of candidate gene associated with selection on lactation trait and milk production. This study was aimed to determine genetic polymorphism of the GH-AluI gene and to associate its genotype variants on various 15-d partial cumulative milk yields in Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows. A number of 370 blood samples were collected from six HF populations, respectively from small dairy farmer under the supervision of the North Bandung Milk Cooperation (NBMC) in Cilumber (98) and Pasir Kemis village (96), Dairy Cattle Breeding and Improvement Station (Cikole DCBIS) Cikole (88), Lembang Artificial Insemination Center (Lembang AIC) (17), Singosari Artificial Insemination Center (Singosari AIC (32), and Cipelang Livestock Embryo Center (Cipelang LEC) (40). A polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify variant genotypes of the GH gene using AluI restriction enzyme. Genotyping results produced only two genotypes, i.e. LL and LV genotypes, without VV genotype. Frequency of the former was dominant, whilst that was low for the latter (89% vs. 11%); leading to the frequency of L allele was very high (94%) compared to that of V allele (6%). No significant association between variant genotypes (LL and LV) and various 15-d partial cumulative milk yields

The Efficacy of Methanol Extract of Garlic (Allium Sativum) to Improve Rumen Fermentation Products

. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the increase levels of garlic extract (Allium sativum, As) in beef cattle feed on rumen fermentation products and microbial populations. The materials used were rumen fluid and control feed (40 % fermented rice straw:60% concentrate). The research method was experimental using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) applying 7 treatments which were repeated 3 times. The tested feed treatments were S0 (control feed), S1 (S0 + 1.5 ppm of Cr, S2 (S0 + 250 ppm of As extract), S3 (S1 + 250 ppm of As extract), S4 (S1 + 500 ppm of As extract), S5 (S1 + 750 ppm of As extract) and, S6 (S1 + 1000 ppm of As extract). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by Honestly Significant Difference test. The results showed that the treatment effects on total bacteria, protozoa population, total gas and methane were highly significant but had no effect on dry matter digestibilityDMD and organic matter digestibility OMD and production of VFA. The treatments increased total bacteria but decreased total gas and methane. The best result was achieved on treatment S6 (supplementation of As at the level of 1000 ppm in the feed) of which the feed with adequate Cr will result in the most efficient of fermentation

An analysis of livestock choice : adapting to climate change in Latin American farms

The authors explore how Latin American livestock farmers adapt to climate by switching species. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of livestock species. Estimating the models across over 1,200 livestock farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affect the species Latin American farmers choose. The authors then use this model to predict how future climate scenarios would affect species choice. Global warming will cause farmers to switch to beef cattle at the expense of dairy cattle.Livestock&Animal Husbandry,Climate Change,Wildlife Resources,Peri-Urban Communities,Rural Urban Linkages

IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC MARKETING OF SLAUGHTER CATTLE IN VIRGINIA: REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,