2 research outputs found

    Bioassay for monitoring the anti-aging effect of cord blood treatment

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    Identification of new regenerative therapies in reproductive medicine and their application as a future therapeutic approach for endometrial regeneration

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    El 煤tero es uno de los principales 贸rganos internos del sistema reproductor femenino. Est谩 compuesto de tres capas tisulares: perimetrio, miometrio y endometrio. Esta 煤ltima capa recubre la cavidad intrauterina y es responsable directa de la implantaci贸n embrionaria (para la cual necesita un grosor endometrial m铆nimo). Entre las patolog铆as que afectan al endometrio pueden distinguirse, entre otras, la atrofia endometrial (insuficiente grosor endometrial) y el s铆ndrome de Asherman (presencia de adhesiones intrauterinas y tejido fibr贸tico), las cuales conforman el hilo conductor de esta tesis, compuesta de 4 art铆culos cient铆ficos. En ambos casos, el tejido endometrial se encuentra degenerado, lo que dificulta la implantaci贸n embrionaria, ocasionando problemas de fertilidad. A d铆a de hoy, ninguna de estas patolog铆as cuenta con una cura totalmente efectiva. Hasta el momento, una de las opciones terap茅uticas m谩s prometedora es la inyecci贸n de c茅lulas madre. Por ello, el primer objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar como la inyecci贸n de c茅lulas madre derivadas de la m茅dula 贸sea (aisladas con la detecci贸n del ant铆geno CD133), que hab铆a resultado ser efectiva tanto en un modelo humano como en uno animal, estaba modificando el endometrio molecularmente. Para as铆, intentar entender cu谩les son los mecanismos paracrinos a trav茅s de los cuales llevan a cabo su acci贸n terap茅utica. Este primer estudio revel贸 que estas c茅lulas madre parec铆an estar promoviendo la regeneraci贸n endometrial mediante la creaci贸n de un escenario inmunomodulador (sub-expresi贸n del gen CXCL8), que dar铆a paso a la sobreexpresi贸n de genes involucrados en la regeneraci贸n tisular, como SERPINE1, IL4, y JUN. Otro tratamiento que ha ido ganando acepci贸n con los a帽os es el plasma rico en plaquetas, eje central del manuscrito 2. Este manuscrito evidencia como este plasma, especialmente si proviene de sangre de cord贸n umbilical, es capaz de promover procesos celulares, como la migraci贸n y la proliferaci贸n de las c茅lulas endometriales, as铆 como eventos regenerativos en un modelo animal con da帽o endometrial inducido. Sea cual sea la aproximaci贸n terap茅utica de elecci贸n, se ha hipotetizado que esta regeneraci贸n tisular podr铆a surgir de la estimulaci贸n del nicho de c茅lulas madre presente en el endometrio. Es por ello que el objetivo 3 supuso el estudio de los trabajos publicados, tanto de modelos murinos como humanos, relativos a esta poblaci贸n de c茅lulas madre endometriales. Esta b煤squeda permiti贸 concluir que a煤n quedan lagunas de conocimiento, bien sea en la definici贸n de marcadores celulares espec铆ficos o en de la contribuci贸n de la m茅dula 贸sea a este nicho de c茅lulas madre endometriales. Finalmente, dada la mencionada falta actual de una terapia definitiva para las pacientes con atrofia endometrial o s铆ndrome de Asherman, el cuarto y 煤ltimo objetivo de esta tesis supuso el estudio de todas aquellas aproximaciones que se han llevado a cabo en modelos animales que simulan este tipo de patolog铆as humanas. Este trabajo concluy贸 que si bien est谩n emergiendo nuevas terapias muy prometedoras, como son aquellas derivadas de la bioingenier铆a (por ejemplo, uso de hidrogeles o biomoldes), todav铆a falta perfeccionar y estandarizar los modelos tanto animales como in vitro que permitan una mejor traslaci贸n cl铆nica de las mismas.The uterus is one of the main internal organs of the female reproductive system. It is composed of three different tissue layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. This last layer covers the intrauterine cavity and is directly responsible for embryo implantation (for which it needs a certain minimum endometrial thickness). Among the pathologies affecting the endometrium, we can distinguish, among others, endometrial atrophy (characterized by an insufficient endometrial thickness) and Asherman's syndrome (a rare disease characterized by the presence of intrauterine adhesions and fibrotic tissue), which form the common thread of this thesis, composed of four original manuscripts. In both cases, the endometrial tissue is degenerated, which hinders the correct embryo implantation, causing then fertility problems. To date, none of these pathologies has a totally effective cure. So far, one of the most promising therapeutic options is the injection of stem cells. Therefore, the first objective was to evaluate how the infusion of bone marrow-derived stem cells (isolated with the antigen CD133), which had proven effective in both a human and an animal model, was modifying the endometrium at the molecular level. Then, this work aimed to understand the paracrine mechanisms through which these cells were carrying out their therapeutic and regenerative action over the endometrial tissue. This first study revealed that these stem cells appeared to be promoting endometrial regeneration by creating an immunomodulatory scenario (down-regulation of the CXCL8 gene), which would give way to the over-expression of genes (SERPINE1, IL4, and JUN) involved in tissue regeneration. Another treatment gaining acceptance over the years is a blood derivate, platelet-rich plasma, which was the focus of the second manuscript. This work shows how this plasma, mainly derived from umbilical cord blood rather than adult peripheral blood, can promote cellular processes, such as cell migration and proliferation of different types of endometrial cells (from primary culture and from stem cell lines). These plasmas also revealed how they triggered the over-expression of certain proteins involved in regenerative events in a mouse model with induced endometrial damage. Whatever the therapeutic approach of choice, it has been hypothesized that regeneration could arise from stimulation of the stem cell niche present in the endometrium. That is why objective three involved studying those works, both murine and human models, concerning this population of endometrial stem cells. This search concluded that there are still gaps in knowledge, either in the definition of specific endometrial stem cell markers or in the contribution of the bone marrow to this endogenous endometrial stem cell niche. Finally, given the aforementioned current lack of definitive therapy for patients with endometrial atrophy or Asherman's syndrome, the last objective involved studying all those approaches that have been carried out in animal models that simulate this type of human pathology. This work concluded that although new therapies are emerging, such as those derived from bioengineering (e.g. use of decellularized scaffolds or hydrogels), there is still a need to perfect and standardize both animal and in vitro models to allow a better clinical translation of these therapies
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