51 research outputs found
Energy Management in LTE Networks
Wireless cellular networks have seen dramatic growth in number of mobile users. As a result, data requirements, and hence the base-station power consumption has increased significantly. It in turn adds to the operational expenditures and also causes global warming. The base station power consumption in long-term evolution (LTE) has, therefore, become a major challenge for vendors to stay green and profitable in competitive cellular industry. It necessitates novel methods to devise energy efficient communication in LTE. Importance of the topic has attracted huge research interests worldwide. Energy saving (ES) approaches proposed in the literature can be broadly classified in categories of energy efficient resource allocation, load balancing, carrier aggregation, and bandwidth expansion. Each of these methods has its own pros and cons leading to a tradeoff between ES and other performance metrics resulting into open research questions. This paper discusses various ES techniques for the LTE systems and critically analyses their usability through a comprehensive comparative study
Separation Framework: An Enabler for Cooperative and D2D Communication for Future 5G Networks
Soaring capacity and coverage demands dictate that future cellular networks
need to soon migrate towards ultra-dense networks. However, network
densification comes with a host of challenges that include compromised energy
efficiency, complex interference management, cumbersome mobility management,
burdensome signaling overheads and higher backhaul costs. Interestingly, most
of the problems, that beleaguer network densification, stem from legacy
networks' one common feature i.e., tight coupling between the control and data
planes regardless of their degree of heterogeneity and cell density.
Consequently, in wake of 5G, control and data planes separation architecture
(SARC) has recently been conceived as a promising paradigm that has potential
to address most of aforementioned challenges. In this article, we review
various proposals that have been presented in literature so far to enable SARC.
More specifically, we analyze how and to what degree various SARC proposals
address the four main challenges in network densification namely: energy
efficiency, system level capacity maximization, interference management and
mobility management. We then focus on two salient features of future cellular
networks that have not yet been adapted in legacy networks at wide scale and
thus remain a hallmark of 5G, i.e., coordinated multipoint (CoMP), and
device-to-device (D2D) communications. After providing necessary background on
CoMP and D2D, we analyze how SARC can particularly act as a major enabler for
CoMP and D2D in context of 5G. This article thus serves as both a tutorial as
well as an up to date survey on SARC, CoMP and D2D. Most importantly, the
article provides an extensive outlook of challenges and opportunities that lie
at the crossroads of these three mutually entangled emerging technologies.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 201
Energy-efficient LTE transmission techniques : introducing Green Radio from resource allocation perspective
Energy consumption has recently become a key issue from both environmental and economic
considerations. A typical mobile phone network in the UK may consume approximately 40-
50 MW, contributing a significant proportion of the total energy consumed by the information
technology industry. With the worldwide growth in the number of mobile subscribers, the
associated carbon emissions and growing energy costs are becoming a significant operational
expense, leading to the need for energy reduction. The Mobile VCE Green Radio Project has
been launched, which targets to achieve 100x energy reduction of the current wireless networks
by 2020. In this thesis, energy-efficient resource allocation strategies have been investigated
taking the LTE system as an example.
Firstly, theoretical analysis of energy-efficient design in cellular environments is provided according
to the Shannon Theory. Based on a two-link scenario the performance of simultaneous
transmission and orthogonal transmission for network power minimization under the specified
rate constraints is investigated. It is found that simultaneous transmission consumes less
power than orthogonal transmission close to the base station, but much more power in the cell-edge
area. Also, simulation results suggest that the energy-efficient switching margins between
these two schemes are dominated by the sum total of their required data rates. New definitions
of power-utility and fairness metrics are further proposed, following by the design of weighted
resource allocation approaches based on efficiency-fairness trade-offs.
Apart from energy-efficient multiple access between different links, the energy used by individual
base stations can also be reduced. For example, deploying sleep modes is an effective
approach to reduce radio base station operational energy consumption. By periodically switching
off the base station transmission, or using fewer transmit antennas, the energy consumption
of base station hardware may decrease. By delivering less control signalling overhead, the
radio frequency energy consumption can also be reduced. Simulation results suggest that up
to 90% energy reduction can be obtained in low traffic conditions by employing time-domain
optimization in each radio frame. The optimum on/off duty cycle is derived, enabling the
energy consumption of the base station to scale with traffic loads. In the spatial-domain, an
antenna selection criterion is proposed, indicating the most energy-efficient antenna configuration
with the knowledge of users’ locations and quality of service requirements. Without
time-domain sleep modes, using fewer transmit antennas could outperform full antenna transmission.
However, with time-domain sleep modes, using all available antennas is generally the
most energy-efficient choice
Spectral and Energy Efficiency in Cellular Mobile Radio Access Networks
Driven by the widespread use of smartphones and the release of a wide range of online packet data services, an unprecedented growth in the mobile data usage has been observed over the last decade. Network operators recently realised that the traditional approach of deploying more macrocells could not cope with this continuous growth in mobile data traffic and if no actions are taken, the energy demand to run the networks, which are able to support such traffic volumes risks to become unmanageable.
In this context, comprehensive investigations of different cellular network deployments, and various algorithms have been evaluated and compared against each other in this thesis, to determine the best deployment options which are able to deliver the required capacity at a minimum level of energy consumption. A new scalable base station power consumption model was proposed and a joint evaluation framework for the relative improvements in throughput, energy consumption,and energy efficiency is adopted to avoid the inherent ambiguity of using only the bit/J energy efficiency metric.
This framework was applied to many cellular network cases studies including macro only, small cell only and heterogeneous networks to show that pure small cell deployments outperform the macro and heterogeneous networks in terms of the energy consumption even if the backhaul power consumption is included in the analysis. Interestingly, picocell only deployments can attain up to 3 times increase in the throughput and 2.27 times reduction in the energy consumed when compared with macro only RANs at high target capacities, while it offers 2 times more throughput and reduces the energy consumption by 12% when compared with the macro/pico HetNet deployments. Further investigations have focused on improving the macrocell RAN by adding more sectors and more antennas. Importantly, the results have shown that adding small cells to the macrocell RAN is more energy efficient than adding more sectors even if adaptive sectorisation techniques are employed. While dimensioning the network by using MIMO base stations results in less consumed energy than using SISO base stations.
The impact of traffic offloading to small cell, sleep mode, and inter-cell interference coordination techniques on the throughput and energy consumption in dense heterogeneous network deployments have been investigated. Significant improvements in the throughput and energy efficiency in bit/J were observed. However, a decrease in the energy consumption is obtained only in heterogeneous networks with small cells deployed to service clusters of users.
Finally, the same framework is used to evaluate the throughput and energy consumption of massive MIMO deployments to show the superiority of massive MIMOs versus macrocell RANs, small cell deployments and heterogeneous networks in terms of achieving the target capacity with a minimum level of energy consumption. 1.6 times reduction in the energy consumption is achieved by massive MIMOs when compared with picocell only RAN at the same target capacity and when the backhaul power consumption is included in the analysis
Energy Efficient Resource and Topology Management for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
This thesis investigates how resource and topology management techniques can be applied to achieve energy efficiency while maintaining acceptable quality of service (QoS) in heterogeneous cellular networks comprising high power macrocells and dense deployment of low power small cells. Partially centralised resource and topology management algorithms involving the sharing of decision making responsibilities regarding resource utilization and activation or deactivation of small cells among macrocells, small cells and a central node are developed. Resource management techniques are proposed to enable mobile users to be served by resources of a few small cells. A topology management scheme is applied to switch off idle small cells and switch on sleeping cells in accordance with traffic load and QoS. Resource management techniques, when combined with the topology management technique, achieve significant energy efficiency.
A choice restriction technique that restricts users to resources from only a subset of suitable small cells is proposed to mitigate interference and improve QoS. A good balance between energy efficiency and QoS is achieved through this approach. Furthermore, energy saving under different generations of small cell base stations is investigated to provide insights to guide the design of energy saving strategies and the enhancement of existing ones. Also, an online, adaptive energy efficient joint resource and topology management technique is developed to correct deteriorating QoS conditions automatically by using a novel confidence level strategy to estimate QoS and regulate decision making epochs at the central node. Finally, a novel linear search scheme is applied together with database records of performance metrics to select appropriate resource and topology management policies for different traffic loads. This approach achieves better balance between QoS and energy efficiency than previous schemes proposed in the literature
Simultaneous Transmission Opportunities for LTE-LAA Co existing with WiFi in Unlicensed Spectrum from Exploiting Spatial Domain
In this thesis, we first give an intensive review on the background of LTE-LAA technology, the research status of LTE-LAA and WiFi co-existence mechanisms and 3GPP Rel. 13 standardization on LTELAA. The existing co-existence designs focus on the time-domain, frequency-domain and power-domain to achieve fairness between two systems. Simultaneous transmissions are avoided to reduce collision probability. However, by exploiting the spatial domain, we discover the possibility of simultaneous LTE-LAA/WiFi transmission opportunities as long as the interference received at the WiFi receiver is well managed. We first show the feasibility of such simultaneous transmission opportunities considering AP/UE location diversity and various coverage overlap situations between LTE-LAA small cell and WiFi AP. Then, by utilizing multi-antenna beamforming capability, we propose a more practical co-existence scheme combing DoA estimation and null steering technologies. As the lack of direct communication link between LTE-LAA and WiFi systems, we also give our design of information exchange that requires minimal modifications on current WiFi standards and with little to none extra overhead. From the discussions and simulation results, we prove the existence of such simultaneous transmission opportunities that do not bring extra impact on WiFi networks. The channel occupancy time of LTE-LAA can be greatly improved. However, problems and challenges are also identified that require future investigations
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