Role of Optical Network in Cloud/Fog Computing

This chapter is a study of exploring the role of the optical network in the cloud/fog computing environment. With the growing network issues, unified and cost-effective computing services and efficient utilization of optical resources are required for building smart applications. Fog computing provides the foundation platform for implementing cyber-physical system (CPS) applications which require ultra-low latency. Also, the digital revolution of fog/cloud computing using optical resources has upgraded the education system by intertwined VR using the fog nodes. Presently, the current technologies face many challenges such as ultra-low delay, optimum bandwidth, and minimum energy consumption to promote virtual reality (VR)-based and electroencephalogram (EEG)-based gaming applications. Ultra-low delay, optimum bandwidth, and minimum energy consumption. Therefore, an Optical-Fog layer is introduced to provide a novel, secure, highly distributed, and ultra-dense fog computing infrastructure. Also, for optimum utilization of optical resources, a novel concept of OpticalFogNode is introduced that provides computation and storage capabilities at the Optical-Fog layer in the software defined networking (SDN)-based optical network. It efficiently facilitates the dynamic deployment of new distributed SDN-based OpticalFogNode which supports low-latency services with minimum energy as well as bandwidth usage. Therefore, an EEG-based VR framework is also introduced that uses the resources of the optical network in the cloud/fog computing environment

A New Design for Control Method Based on Hierarchical Deficit Round Robin Scheduler for EPON

With the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology), how to use EPON for ensuring an effective and fair bandwidth allocation as well as the quality of service has become an important issue. Our research is based on Cousin Fair Hierarchical Deficit Round Robin Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (CFHDRR DBA), which applies the concepts of hierarchical scheduling to reduce extra actions in information controlling and queue switching and DRR (Deficit Round Robin) to attain the goal of cousin fairness. Our research proposes three additional modules to CFHDDR DBA: (1) an admission control module, which limits the sum weight of QoS-controlled flow; (2) a weight partition module, which isolates the sum weight of other interfering flows from QoS-controlled flows; and (3) the quantum adaptation module, which minimizes the access time of QoS-controlled flows through  uantum distribution. With the help of OMNet++ simulation software, this research presents the improvement of CFHDRR by introducing dynamic DDR Quantum. In addition, it proposes admission control and bounded weight to keep the sum of flows within service capacity. The simulation result shows that, while keeping CFHDRR’s fairness, the queuing delay is reduced and the cycle time is effectively controlled so that the packet delay of QoS-controlled flows is minimized and QoS of real-time multimedia in EPON is fairly ensured

Approach of the T-CONT Allocation to Increase the Bandwidth in Passive Optical Networks

This paper works with the simulation of T-CONT allocation and delay analysis in passive optical networks PON. Building our networks with the PON technology we can achieve increased data rates, however we need to ensure that the idle gaps between the particular transmissions are minimal. The primary method for the upstream time slot allocation in passive optical networks is via Multi Point Control Protocol. The baseline standard of this protocol clearly defines the use of the REPORT and GATE control messages. The two optical network elements used here, the optical network unit ONT and the optical line termination OLT, located at the central office CO, can be scheduled to allocate the time slots. Using the control messages, a more accurate scheduling algorithm can be developed, hence we can directly improve the utilization of the bandwidth as well. In this work, we introduce the basic topology of the passive optical networks, how PON works and what basic principles of bandwidth allocation have been applied. Subsequently, we suggest a selection of methods for time slot allocation and we make an analysis on the achieved results. Our main focus is on the system load, transfer delay and the analysis of the effectivity

Dynamic bandwidth management with service differentiation over ethernet passive optical networks

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) address the first mile of the communication infrastructure between the service provider central offices and the customer sites. As a low-cost, high speed technology, EPONs are deemed as the solution to the bottleneck problem of the broadband access network. A major feature of EPONs is the utility of a shared upstream channel among the end users. Only a single optical network unit (GNU) may transmit during a timeslot to avoid data collisions. In order to provide diverse quality of service (QoS), the bandwidth management of the upstream channel is essential for the successful implementation of EPONs, and thus, an efficient medium access control is required to facilitate statistical multiplexing among local traffics. This dissertation addresses the upstream bandwidth allocation over EPONs. An efficient mechanism, i.e., limited sharing with traffic prediction (LSTP), has been proposed to arbitrate the upstream bandwidth among ONUs. The MultiPoint Control Protocol (MPCP) messages, which are stipulated by the IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) Task Force, are adopted by LSTP to facilitate the dynamic bandwidth negotiation between an GNU and the OLT. The bandwidth requirement of an ONU includes the already enqueued frames and the predicted incoming frames during the waiting time. The OLT arbitrates the bandwidth assignment based on the queue status report from an GNU, the traffic prediction, and the agreed service contract. With respect to the performance evaluation, theoretical analysis on the frame loss, the frame delay, and the queue length has been conducted. The quantitative results demonstrate that 1) the innovative LSTP mechanism dynamically allocates the upstream bandwidth among multiple ONUs; 2) the traffic predictor at the OLT delivers satisfactory prediction for the bursty self-similar traffic, and thereby, contributing to the reduction of frame loss, frame delay, and queue length; and 3) the bandwidth arbitration at the OLT effectively restricts the aggressive bandwidth competition among ONUs by adopting the service level agreement (SLA) parameter as the upper bound. Aside from analysis, the LSTP mechanism has been substantiated by experimental simulations. In order to differentiate the service provisioning among diverse users, LSTP is further enhanced with the support of dynamic bandwidth negotiation based on multiple queues. The incoming traffics are first classified into three classes, and then enqueued into the corresponding queues. A traffic predictor is dedicated to one class of traffic from an GNU. Service differentiation among classes are provided by the combination of queuing and scheduling at the GNU side. At the OLT side, the bandwidth allocation for each class of traffic is based on the reported queue status and the traffic prediction, and is upper-bounded by the SLA parameter. Experimental simulations have justified the feasibility of providing service differentiation over the broadband EPONs

A Fully Bidirectional Optical Network With Latency Monitoring Capability for the Distribution of Timing-Trigger and Control Signals in High-Energy Physics Experiments

The present paper discusses recent advances on a Passive Optical Network inspired Timing-Trigger and Control scheme for the future upgrade of the TTC system installed in the LHC experiments' and more specifically the currently known as TTCex to TTCrx link. The timing PON is implemented with commercially available FPGAs and 1-Gigabit Ethernet PON transceivers and provides a fixed latency gigabit downlink that can carry level-1 trigger accept decisions and commands as well as an upstream link for feedback from the front-end electronics

Next Generation Optical Access Networks: from TDM to WDM

Postprint (author’s final draft

An FPGA implementation of a sleep enabled PON system

Owing to the growing demand for bandwidth-hungry video-on-demand applications, Passive Optical Network (PON) has been widely considered as one of the most promising solutions for broadband access. Environmental concerns motivated network designers to lower energy consumption of optical access networks. A well-known approach to reduce energy consumption is to allow network elements to switch to the sleep mode. In this framework, an improved Optical network Unit (ONU) architecture in TDM-PON is proposed to reduce the handover time of status switching. Energy-saving performances of current and improved architectures are compared in different scenarios. The simulation results show that by applying a proper sleep mode mechanism, the improved architecture can effectively reduce the ONU energy consumption. We further implement the cycle sleep scheme on a multi-ONU testbed based on the improved ONU architecture. The experimental results have substantiated the viability of the improved ONU architecture