Analysis of adjacency effects for Copernicus Ocean Colour Missions

The Copernicus Programme was established by the European Union (Regulation EU No377/2014) to develop European information services based on satellite Earth Observation (EO) and in situ data. Among the six Copernicus Services, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and the marine component of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) both rely on EO data delivered by satellite ocean color (OC) sensors, i.e., primary OC radiometric products (such as the radiance Lw leaving the water body) and Chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chla, a proxy for phytoplankton biomass). These variables, able to provide unique monitoring capabilities of the green marine environment, have been identified by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) as Essential Ocean Variables (EOV) to monitor the health of the oceans, and by the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS) as Essential Climate Variable (ECV) to support the work of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). ECV contributing to the creation of Climate Data Records (CDRs) needs to accomplish high accuracy requirements. This is particularly demanding in coastal water, where the simultaneous presence of non-covarying in-water optically active components (i.e., pigments, colored dissolved organic matter and suspended sediments) and potential contributions from sea-bottom and nearby land leads to rather complex bio-optical properties. As such, while the determination of the optical properties of the open ocean from satellite measurements is nowadays largely established, the remote sensing of coastal waters still represents an open challenge. Nonetheless, the economical and environmental importance of coastal zones is widely acknowledged: a large portion of the global population lives in coastal areas, whereas coastal marine habitats are extremely sensitive to the impacts of climate variability and change. A specific action for the coordination of enhanced shelf and coastal observations for climate has been indeed designed by the GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS, 2016) with the aim to define detailed specific observational requirements for an improved understanding, assessment and prediction of the impact of climate in the coastal environment. ECV high accuracy requirements imply a thorough evaluation of the uncertainties affecting satellite and in situ data, and the procedures applied for the retrieval of OC products from the satellite observations. Within such a framework, the present report focuses on the uncertainties induced by nearby land in OC observations of coastal regions, summarizing most recent quantifications and analyses. Standard algorithms for the processing of satellite data generally assume an infinite water surface, and hence neglect the presence of the nearby land. As a consequence, the radiance reflected by the land and then scattered by the atmosphere in the field of view of a satellite sensor observing a water target represents a source of perturbations leading to uncertainties in OC products. This phenomenon is called adjacency effects (AE), and always occurs in the presence of a scattering medium overlaying a surface of non-homogeneous reflecting properties. Specific attention is given to AE affecting marine observations by two EO-dedicated satellite sensors of the Copernicus Space component: i) the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) on board Sentinel-3, specifically developed to deliver OC observations of the sea; and ii) the MultiSpectral Imagery (MSI) on board Sentinel-2, which, aims at providing high-resolution optical land imagery, but also acquires data up to 20 km offshore. AE are quantified and analyzed for a wide range of typical mid-latitude coastal environments and for specific case studies, i.e., the Aqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) validation site located in the Northern Adriatic Sea, included in the Ocean Color component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-OC), also considered for vicarious calibrations of marine MSI data; and the marine region surrounding the Lampedusa Island located in the Southern Mediterranean Sea, hosting a validation site, and considered for long-term vicarious calibrations of OLCI data. The study analyzes the relevance of AE in the signal at the sensor with regard to standardized signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Considerations are also drawn on perturbations induced by AE in satellite radiometric products. The content of this Report builds on the long-standing experience of the JRC on the modeling of OC satellite and in situ observations. This experience counts on the development and decadal utilization of highly accurate radiative transfer models (RTM) for the propagation of the solar radiation in the atmosphere-ocean system. These in-house modeling capabilities (the Advanced Radiative Transfer Models for In-situ and Satellite Ocean color data, ARTEMIS-OC) comprise a plane-parallel numerical RTM based on the finite element method and a three-dimensional (3D) MonteCarlo (MC) code. Overall, this Report summarizes a number of recent investigations led by the JRC on AE in satellite observations of coastal waters. The final objective is to consolidate in a single document theoretical findings and considerations about adjacency perturbations from nearby land in the coastal remote sensing observations performed within the Copernicus Programme. Briefly, the various Chapters summarize: • The general definition and description of the AE, while briefly illustrating the applied modeling technique; • The theoretical quantification of AE for a wide range of typical mid-latitude coastal environments. • The theoretical evaluation of AE at the AAOT and Lampedusa validation sites.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

System Vicarious Calibration for Copernicus Ocean Colour Missions: Updated Requirements and Recommendations for a European Site

The Copernicus Program has been established through the Regulation EU No377/2014 with the objective to ensure long-term and sustained provision of accurate and reliable data on environment and security through dedicated services. Among these, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service and the marine component of the Climate Change Service, both rely on satellite ocean colour observations to deliver data on water quality and climate relevant quantities such as chlorophyll-a concentration used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. Satellite ocean colour missions require in situ highly accurate radiometric measurements for the indirect calibration (so called System Vicarious Calibration (SVC)) of the space sensor. This process is essential to minimize the combined effects of uncertainties affecting the space sensor calibration and those resulting from the inaccuracy of processing algorithms and models applied for the generation of data products. SVC is thus a fundamental element to maximize the return on investments for the Copernicus Program by delivering to the user science community satellite ocean colour data with accuracy granting achievement of target objectives from applications addressing environmental and climate change issues. The long-term Copernicus Program foresees multiple ocean colour missions (i.e., the Sentinel-3 satellites carrying the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI)). The need to ensure the highest accuracy to satellite derived data products contributing to the construction of Climate Data Records (CDRs), suggests the realization, deployment and sustain of a European in situ infrastructure supporting SVC for Sentinel-3 missions, fully independent from similar facilities established and maintained by other space agencies (e.g., that operated in the Pacific Ocean by US agencies). It is emphasized that the need to cope with long-term Copernicus objectives on data accuracy, implies very stringent requirements for the in situ infrastructure and location providing reference measurements for SVC. These requirements, in fact, are much higher than those imposed by SVC for a single mission. The content of this Report, which is a revised version of a previous one (Zibordi et al. 2017), builds on the long-standing experience of the JRC on ocean colour radiometry. This experience counts on decadal field and laboratory measurements performed in support of validation and SVC applications, and additionally on activities comprehensively embracing measurement protocols, instruments characterization and the initiation of autonomous measurement infrastructures. Overall, this Report summarizes a number of recent investigations led by the JRC on SVC requirements for the creation of CDRs. The final objective is to consolidate in a single document the elements essential fJRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Assessment of the aerosol products from the SeaWiFS and MODIS ocean color missions

The aerosol products derived from the ocean color missions SeaWiFS, MODIS Aqua and Terra are compared with field measurements from globally distributed AERONET sites. Validation statistics are found consistent for the three missions. The median absolute relative difference between SeaWiFS and AERONET aerosol optical thickness tau_a is approximately 20% at all bands while it is slightly higher for both MODIS products (between 20% and 28%). This is associated with a larger relative bias (median relative difference between satellite and AERONET tau_a) for these missions, of the order of +15%. With respect to previous versions of the processor applied to these missions, a noticeable improvement is seen in the representation of the spectral dependence of tau_a. The bias found for the Angstrom exponent varies from -0.08 to +0.13 for the three missions.JRC.H.1-Water Resource