Stanowisko amerykańskie wobec wyborów w Grecji w roku 1946

Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Niezależne samorządne szkoły publiczne

Artykuł postuluje uniezależnianie się szkół publicznych – autonomizację, rozumianą jako upodmiotowienie rodziców (niewykorzystanych zasobów) i nauczycieli w drodze przekazania im mocą znowelizowanego prawa kompetencji stanowiących, w sytuacji, gdy stają się oni dobrowolnie członkami stowarzyszeń obywatelskich jako organów prowadzących tzw. należne samorządne szkoły publiczne (szkoły czarterowe). Warunek niezbędny takich procesów, Autor widzi w konieczności zmiany kompetencji jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, tak w zakresie prowadzenia szkół, jak i gospodarowania mieniem i budynkami szkolnymi

Skarga biednego poety: miejsce i rola sakiewki w dziejach literatury angielskiej

Poor Poet’s Complaint: The Place and Role of the Moneybag in English Literature The article presents four British poems from four different literary periods sharing a common theme: complaint about the poet’s poverty. Each of the poems – “Deor”, “Complaint of Chaucer to His Purse”, Barnfield’s “The Complaint of Poetrie, for the Death of Liberalitie” (his “The Encomion of Lady Pecunia: Or The Praise of Money” is also mentioned) and Burns’ „Lines Written on a Banknote” – is presented within the context of the contemporary economic situations of English poets in general, and the specific biographical circumstances in which they were written. In a broader sense the article presents in a brief and light way the economic reality of literary creativity in Great Britain from the early Middle Ages to our time

Czynnik kulturowy w relacjach francusko-amerykańskich

French-American relations certainly are among the most complex and at the same time most controversial in French foreign policy. The main factors that determine the nature of relations between France and the US include culture. A few features can be pointed out here to demonstrate their unique nature. Firstly, the importance of anti-American sentiments and Francophobia (anti-French sentiments) should be emphasized. The roots of these broadly shared attitudes may be sought both in the past (the experiences ofWWIand WWII) as well as in the present political relations between the two countries. The French nation is generally critical of American foreign policy, the US social and economic system. In the USA, in turn, we come across a similar attitude of Francophobia. This mainly stems from the commonly shared image of France as a difficult, chaotic and unpredictable ally. While anti-American sentiments and Francophobia do not translate into political decisions made either in Washington or Paris, they still influence the atmosphere of mutual relations, as became apparent when American restaurant owners boycotted French wines during the Iraqi crisis. At the same time, though, both nations recognize each other’s achievements in such fields as culture, art or human rights. Secondly, the “conflict of universalism” described by Stanley Hoffman is worth noting. As both countries deem themselves to be the cradle of such universal values as liberty, equality, justice and human rights, they both assign themselves with a unique status among other countries. It is true that the repertoire of values France and the US represent is nearly identical, yet they are frequently understood differently on both sides of the Atlantic. Thirdly, the French-American relations are also profoundly influenced by the common French belief in France being an exceptional and powerful country. The national perspective and the manifestation of France’s privileged position in the international arena are to a significant degree present in their relations with the US. Ezra Suleiman, among others, observed that the French political elite were allergic to any forms of political, economic or cultural domination. Other issues that influence the state of French-American relations concern differences in the economic or social system, or the role of religion in the life of the state

Law and finance : understanding Roman law?

The Law and Finance analytical approach, also known as the Legal Origins Theory, blames Roman law for creating worse conditions for economic growth than common law systems. Civil law is described, contrary to common law, as a legal system in which the country’s corporate law or commercial code originates in Roman law. To understand the differences amongst the emanations, i.e. the plurality of legal solutions and regulations within the civil law tradition, one has to be aware of their origins. It is necessary to perceive and understand the spirit of Roman law, which is a ‘Roman law in action’ – the Roman legal experience. Critics of the Legal Origins Theory stress the need for more experts in Roman law across society. There is a continuous need for in-depth knowledge of Roman law. As a subject, basic Roman law should be accessible to all and not only to lawyers, including economists, sociologists, historians, social philosophers, specialists in cultural studies, etc... It is not sufficient to have a limited group of experts, but rather to have independent centers for Roman legal studies. Roman law is not only a part of legal history, but is present in our legal systems due to their legal tradition. Further, its presence is also due to the reasonableness and economic utility of Roman law

Odrzucenie czy akceptacja? Hollywood w Holandii

Publikacja została sfinansowana ze środków Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki w ramach projektu nr 12H 11 0004 8

Hrvatske koordinativne složenice

Prema opisima u suvremenim hrvatskim gramatikama dalo bi se zaključiti da hrvatski koordinativne složenice ili ne poznaje ili da ih je toliko malo da ne traže opis. U članku se podsjeća da je u starijim gramatikama o njima bilo riječi, a da svojom suvremenom količinom i različitim ostvarajima (imeničke, pridjevske, priložne, sa spojnicima -o- i -0-) gramatički opis itekako zaslužuju. Pokazuje se zbog kojih se svojih odlika takve složenice mogu smatrati riječima, a ne spojevima riječi, sintagmama. Na primjeru jezika Anke Žagar pokazuje se da model koordinativnih složenica kao potencija može unutar poezije poprimiti i jezičnostvaralačke inačice.According to descriptions in modern Croatian grammar books, one might concludethat there are either no copulative compounds in Croatian or that they are so scarce in number that they do not require any description. The paper is a reminder both of their descriptions in older Croatian grammar books and of the need for their grammatical description, owing to their number and a variety of realisations. Some Croatian nominal copulative compounds are e.g. grad-država ‘citystate’ (Gr. πόλις), točka-zarez ‘semicolon’ (lit. full stop-comma), sjeverozapad ‘North-West’; some adjectival ones are e.g. crno-bijel ‘black and white’, crvenobijelo- plav ‘red, white, and blue’, nov-star ‘new--old’; some adverbial ones are e.g. danas-sutra ‘before long’ (lit. today-tomorrow), zbrda-zdola ‘helter-skelter’, brže-bolje ‘in a hurry’ (lit. faster-better). The paper indicates the characteristics due to which these compounds should be considered words and not phrases – they do not display the characteristics of appositive phrases, they cannot be subject to the coordination ellipsis and their internal flexion does not disqualify them as words, even though Croatian recognizes internal flexion (in indefinite pronouns with the suffixoid -god, e.g. štogod – G čegagod). The language of poet Anka Žagar is used to illustrate how a pattern of copulative compounding can also acquire creative linguistic variations, which is another piece of evidence for the claim that a pattern of copulative compounding does exist in Croatian

Anglo-Saxon powers and the Katyn affair

Making an announcement of uncovering mass tombs of Polish officers in Katyn by Germans 13 April 1943 had one fundamental purpose: to cause as the greatest dissonances in the anti-Nazi coalition, to lead to the crisis in relationships between Anglo-Saxons and the USSR. Germany left Anglo-Saxons in a difficult position into this way, but not looking at oneself for business of Poland, independently of, how they were in coalition defined, two principal powers of the Large Coalition, Great Britain and the USA, weren’t going to disrupt further leading the war with the III Crowd in no way. The matter of the Katyn felony could not influence in that time for her run. In rich literature about the Katyn felony and her results the issue of the attitude of the great powers to this matter already waited until broad elaboration, we will try here above all for reminding and tidying up facts, in the majority already known

Cudze ganicie, swego nie znacie… Koncepcje krajobrazu w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym i ich recepcja w archeologii osadnictwa

It is commonly assumed that landscape studies is a foreign development to Polish archaeology. The idea of landscape is strongly associated with British school of thoughts, while Central European settlement studies are regarded as deeply rooted in German tradition of Siedlungsarchäologie. However, an insight into their origins in Poland reveals a completely different picture. Concepts of landscape were lively debated among geographers and historians in the pre-war period within the frameworks of the then dominant theories of anthropogeography and evolutionism. This led to the development of a school of thought known as historical geography one of whose basic aims was to reconstruct past cultural landscapes through settlement studies. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that theoretical and methodological frameworks of settlement archaeology, which were established in the 1960s and 1970s, sprang from historical geography and initially also aimed towards reconstruction of prehistoric landscapes. Polish cases will be then compared and contrasted with contemporary British and German traditions. This will help determine at which points these traditions differ, what may be the reason for those differences and what can we learn from these pre-war developments