Dimensions of Construal Operations in Igbo

Construals are cognitive operations which are often strikingly similar to principles of visual perception (Radden & Dirven 2007). They refer to the different ways of viewing a particular situation, and languages linguistically provide means for different kinds of construals. However, construal events differ across languages. Some languages may not have available means to express, represent and organize the different spatial relations, this leads to the inability of the speakers to freely choose the construal they want to portray as a result of lack of alternatives in their language of use. This paper aims at investigating the existence of construals in the Igbo langage. Owing to the fact that no investigation has been done on construal operations in Igbo language prior to this study, there is therefore no existing template for this research. The data for this work will however be drawn partly from examples in works on construals in addition to the researcher’s intuitive knowledge as a speaker. The classifications of construals by Radden and Dirven (2007) shall be adopted as the theoretical framework in this pursuit. Part of the findings is that Igbo expresses these construals. Secondly, this finding goes to falsify Verhagen’s (2007)’s. opinion that some languages may not be able to express all the construals

Record Duplication Detection in Database: A Review

The recognition of similar entities in databases has gained substantial attention in many application areas. Despite several techniques proposed to recognize and locate duplication of database records, there is a dearth of studies available which rate the effectiveness of the diverse techniques used for duplicate record detection. Calculating time complexity of the proposed methods reveals their performance rating. The time complexity calculation showed that the efficiency of these methods improved when blocking and windowing is applied. Some domain-specific methods train systems to optimize results and improve efficiency and scalability, but they are prone to errors. Most of the existing methods fail to either discuss, or lack thoroughness in consideration of scalability. The process of sorting and searching form an essential part of duplication detection, but they are time-consuming. Therefore this paper proposes the possibility of eliminating the sorting process by utilization of tree structure to improve the record duplication detection. This has added benefits of reducing time required, and offers a probable increase in scalability. For database system, scalability is an inherent feature for any proposed solution, due to the fact that the data size is huge. Improving the efficiency in identifying duplicate records in databases is an essential step for data cleaning and data integration methods. This paper reveals that the current proposed methods lack in providing solutions that are scalable, high accurate, and reduce the processing time during detecting duplication of records in database. The ability to provide solutions to this problem will improve the quality of data that are used for decision making process