E2E SPEECH RECOGNITION WITH CTC AND LOCAL ATTENTION

Many end-to-end, large vocabulary, continuous speech recognition systems are now able to achieve better speech recognition performance than conventional systems. Most of these approaches are based on bidirectional networks and sequence-to-sequence modeling however, so automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems using such techniques need to wait for an entire segment of voice input to be entered before they can begin processing the data, resulting in a lengthy time-lag, which can be a serious drawback in some applications. An obvious solution to this problem is to develop a speech recognition algorithm capable of processing streaming data. Therefore, in this paper we explore the possibility of a streaming, online, ASR system for Japanese using a model based on unidirectional LSTMs trained using connectionist temporal classification (CTC) criteria, with local attention. Such an approach has not been well investigated for use with Japanese, as most Japanese-language ASR systems employ bidirectional networks. The best result for our proposed system during experimental evaluation was a character error rate of 9.87%

Alignment Knowledge Distillation for Online Streaming Attention-based Speech Recognition

This article describes an efficient training method for online streaming attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. AED models have achieved competitive performance in offline scenarios by jointly optimizing all components. They have recently been extended to an online streaming framework via models such as monotonie chunkwise attention (MoChA). However, the elaborate attention calculation process is not robust against long-form speech utterances. Moreover, the sequence-level training objective and time-restricted streaming encoder cause a nonnegligible delay in token emission during inference. To address these problems, we propose CTC synchronous training (CTC-ST), in which CTC alignments are leveraged as a reference for token boundaries to enable a MoChA model to learn optimal monotonie input-output alignments. We formulate a purely end-to-end training objective to synchronize the boundaries of MoChA to those of CTC. The CTC model shares an encoder with the MoChA model to enhance the encoder representation. Moreover, the proposed method provides alignment information learned in the CTC branch to the attention-based decoder. Therefore, CTC-ST can be regarded as self-distillation of alignment knowledge from CTC to MoChA. Experimental evaluations on a variety of benchmark datasets show that the proposed method significantly reduces recognition errors and emission latency simultaneously. The robustness to long-form and noisy speech is also demonstrated. We compare CTC-ST with several methods that distill alignment knowledge from a hybrid ASR system and show that the CTC-ST can achieve a comparable tradeoff of accuracy and latency without relying on external alignment information

Streaming Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Alignment Regularization

Recognizing a word shortly after it is spoken is an important requirement for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems in real-world scenarios. As a result, a large body of work on streaming audio-only ASR models has been presented in the literature. However, streaming audio-visual automatic speech recognition (AV-ASR) has received little attention in earlier works. In this work, we propose a streaming AV-ASR system based on a hybrid connectionist temporal classification (CTC)/attention neural network architecture. The audio and the visual encoder neural networks are both based on the conformer architecture, which is made streamable using chunk-wise self-attention (CSA) and causal convolution. Streaming recognition with a decoder neural network is realized by using the triggered attention technique, which performs time-synchronous decoding with joint CTC/attention scoring. For frame-level ASR criteria, such as CTC, a synchronized response from the audio and visual encoders is critical for a joint AV decision making process. In this work, we propose a novel alignment regularization technique that promotes synchronization of the audio and visual encoder, which in turn results in better word error rates (WERs) at all SNR levels for streaming and offline AV-ASR models. The proposed AV-ASR model achieves WERs of 2.0% and 2.6% on the Lip Reading Sentences 3 (LRS3) dataset in an offline and online setup, respectively, which both present state-of-the-art results when no external training data are used.Comment: Submitted to ICASSP202

End-to-End Neural Network-based Speech Recognition for Mobile and Embedded Devices

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 성원용.Real-time automatic speech recognition (ASR) on mobile and embedded devices has been of great interest in recent years. Deep neural network-based automatic speech recognition demands a large number of computations, while the memory bandwidth and power storage of mobile devices are limited. The server-based implementation is often employed, but this increases latency or privacy concerns. Therefore, the need of the on-device ASR system is increasing. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are often used for the ASR model. The RNN implementation on embedded devices can suffer from excessive DRAM accesses, because the parameter size of a neural network usually exceeds that of the cache memory. Also, the parameters of RNN cannot be reused for multiple time-steps due to its feedback structure. To solve this problem, multi-time step parallelizable models are applied for speech recognition. The multi-time step parallelization approach computes multiple output samples at a time with the parameters fetched from the DRAM. Since the number of DRAM accesses can be reduced in proportion to the number of parallelization steps, a high processing speed can be achieved for the parallelizable model. In this thesis, a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) model is constructed by combining simple recurrent units (SRUs) and depth-wise 1-dimensional convolution layers for multi-time step parallelization. Both the character and word piece models are developed for the CTC model, and the corresponding RNN based language models are used for beam search decoding. A competitive WER for WSJ corpus is achieved using the entire model size of approximately 15MB. The system operates in real-time speed using only a single core ARM without GPU or special hardware. A low-latency on-device speech recognition system with a simple gated convolutional network (SGCN) is also proposed. The SGCN shows a competitive recognition accuracy even with 1M parameters. 8-bit quantization is applied to reduce the memory size and computation time. The proposed system features an online recognition with a 0.4s latency limit and operates in 0.2 RTF with only a single 900MHz CPU core. In addition, an attention-based model with the depthwise convolutional encoder is proposed. Convolutional encoders enable faster training and inference of attention models than recurrent neural network-based ones. However, convolutional models often require a very large receptive field to achieve high recognition accuracy, which not only increases the parameter size but also the computational cost and run-time memory footprint. A convolutional encoder with a short receptive field length often suffers from looping or skipping problems. We believe that this is due to the time-invariance of convolutions. We attempt to remedy this issue by adding positional information to the convolution-based encoder. It is shown that the word error rate (WER) of a convolutional encoder with a short receptive field size can be reduced significantly by augmenting it with positional information. Visualization results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating positional information. The streaming end-to-end ASR model is also developed by applying monotonic chunkwise attention.최근 모바일 및 임베디드 기기에서 실시간 동작하는 음성 인식 시스템을 개발하는 것이 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 깊은 인공 신경망 음성인식은 많은 양의 연산을 필요로 하는 반면, 모바일 기기의 메모리 대역폭이나 전력은 제한되어 있다. 이러한 한계 때문에 서버 기반 구현이 보통 사용되어지지만, 이는 지연 시간 및 사생활 침해 문제를 일으킨다. 따라서 모바일 기기 상 동작하는 음성 인식 시스템의 요구가 커지고 있다. 음성 인식 시스템에 주로 사용되는 모델은 재귀형 인공 신경망이다. 재귀형 인공 신경망의 모델 크기는 보통 캐시의 크기보다 크고 피드백 구조 때문에 재사용이 어렵기 때문에 많은 DRAM 접근을 필요로 한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 다중 시간의 입력에대해 병렬화 가능한 모델을 이용한 음성 인식 시스템을 제안한다. 다중 시간 병렬화 기법은 한 번의 메모리 접근으로 여러 시간의 출력을 동시에 계산하는 방법이다. 병렬화 수에 따라 DRAM 접근 횟수를 줄일 수 있기 때문에, 병렬화 가능한 모델에 대하여 빠른 연산이 가능하다. 단순 재귀 유닛과 1차원 컨벌루션을 이용한 CTC 모델을 제시하였다. 문자와 단어 조각 수준의 모델이 개발되었다. 각 출력 단위에 해당하는 재귀형 신경망 기반 언어 모델을 이용하여 디코딩에 사용되었다. 전체 15MB의 메모리 크기로 WSJ 에서 높은 수준의 인식 성능을 얻었으며 GPU나 기타 하드웨어 없이 1개의 ARM CPU 코어로 실시간 처리를 달성하였다. 또한 단순 컨벌루션 인공 신경망 (SGCN)을 이용한 낮은 지연시간을 가지는 음성인식 시스템을 개발하였다. SGCN은 1M의 매우 낮은 변수 갯수로도 경쟁력 있는 인식 정확도를 보여준다. 추가적으로 8-bit 양자화를 적용하여 메모리 크기와 연산 시간을 감소 시켰다. 해당 시스템은 0.4초의 이론적 지연시간을 가지며 900MHz의 CPU 상에서 0.2의 RTF로 동작하였다. 추가적으로, 깊이별 컨벌루션 인코더를 이용한 어텐션 기반 모델이 개발되었다. 컨벌루션 기반의 인코더는 재귀형 인공 신경망 기반 모델보다 빠른 처리 속도를 가진다. 하지만 컨벌루션 모델은 높은 성능을 위해서 큰 입력 범위를 필요로 한다. 이는 모델 크기 및 연산량, 그리고 동작 시 메모리 소모를 증가 시킨다. 작은 크기의 입력 범위를 가지는 컨벌루션 인코더는 출력의 반복이나 생략으로 인하여 높은 오차율을 가진다. 이것은 컨벌루션의 시간 불변성 때문으로 여겨지며, 이 문제를 위치 인코딩 벡터를 이용하여 해결하였다. 위치 정보를 이용하여 작은 크기의 필터를 가지는 컨벌루션 모델의 성능을 높일 수 있음을 보였다. 또한 위치 정보가 가지는 영향을 시각화 하였다. 해당 방법을 단조 어텐션을 이용한 모델에 활용하여 컨벌루션 기반의 스트리밍 가능한 음성 인식 시스템을 개발하였다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition with Neural Networks . . 1 1.2 Challenges on On-device Implementation of Neural Network-based ASR 2 1.3 Parallelizable Neural Network Architecture 3 1.4 Scope of Dissertation 3 2 Simple Recurrent Units for CTC-based End-to-End Speech Recognition 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Related Works 8 2.3 Speech Recognition Algorithm 9 2.3.1 Acoustic modeling 10 2.3.2 Character-based model 12 2.3.3 Word piece-based model 14 2.3.4 Decoding 14 2.4 Experimental Results 15 2.4.1 Acoustic models 15 2.4.2 Word piece based speech recognition 22 2.4.3 Execution time analysis 25 2.5 Concluding Remarks 27 3 Low-Latency Lightweight Streaming Speech Recognition with 8-bit Quantized Depthwise Gated Convolutional Neural Networks 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Simple Gated Convolutional Networks 30 3.2.1 Model structure 30 3.2.2 Multi-time-step parallelization 31 3.3 Training CTC AM with SGCN 34 3.3.1 Regularization with symmetrical weight noise injection 34 3.3.2 8-bit quantization 34 3.4 Experimental Results 36 3.4.1 Experimental setting 36 3.4.2 Results on WSJ eval92 38 3.4.3 Implementation on the embedded system 38 3.5 Concluding Remarks 39 4 Effect of Adding Positional Information on Convolutional Neural Networks for End-to-End Speech Recognition 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Related Works 43 4.3 Model Description 45 4.4 Experimental Results 46 4.4.1 Effect of receptive field size 46 4.4.2 Visualization 49 4.4.3 Comparison with other models 53 4.5 Concluding Remarks 53 5 Convolution-based Attention Model with Positional Encoding for Streaming Speech Recognition 55 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Related Works 58 5.3 End-to-End Model for Speech Recognition 61 5.3.1 Model description 61 5.3.2 Monotonic chunkwise attention 62 5.3.3 Positional encoding 63 5.4 Experimental Results 64 5.4.1 Effect of positional encoding 66 5.4.2 Comparison with other models 68 5.4.3 Execution time analysis 70 5.5 Concluding Remarks 71 6 Conclusion 72 Abstract (In Korean) 86Docto

A study on features for speaker recognition by ASAM model

For multi-speaker recognition, deep learning-based frameworks have made significant progress in multi-speaker mixed speech separation, but are unable to provide satisfactory solutions in complex auditory scenarios. A unified auditory selection framework with attention and memory can solve this problem. First, the sound characteristics of a specific speaker are accumulated into the lifetime memory during the training phase, while the speech perceptron is trained to extract temporal sound characteristics and update the memory online when the speaker perceives speech. The learning memory is then used to interact with the mix input to add and filter the target frequency from the mix stream. Finally, the network is trained to minimize the reconstruction error of attendance speech. In this study, a single speaker’s voice was extracted from a speech segment containing multiple speakers using an ASAM model, and then speaker recognition was performed using an LSTM neural network. In the LSTM network, MFCC, GFCC, and GBFB will be used to identify the three feature quantities and the results will be compared