Malthus Was Right After All: Poor Relief and Birth Rates in Southeastern England

The payment of child allowances to laborers with large families was widespread in early nineteenth-century England. This paper tests Thomas Malthus\u27s hypothesis that child allowances caused the birth rate to increase. A cross-sectional regression model is estimated to explain variations in birth rates across parishes in 1826-30. Birth rates are found to be related to child allowances, income, and the availability of housing, as Malthus contended. The paper concludes by examining the role played by the adoption of child allowances after 1795 in the fertility increase of the early nineteenth century

Family allowances

This paper summarizes key aspects of family allowances programs across the world and presents information on their characteristics in a cross-country comparative context. Family allowances can be universal (paid to all resident families with a specified number of children) or employment-based (whereby workers receive additional pay depending on the size/composition of their family). Their characteristics include eligibility conditions, source of funds, benefit levels, and administration. These characteristics differ not only across economies but also over time in the same country as governments strive to tune unemployment policies to macroeconomic and labor conditions.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Youth and Governance,Gender and Law,Street Children,Population&Development

Do Slotting Allowances Harm Retail Competition?

Slotting allowances are fees paid by manufacturers to get access to retailers’ shelf space. Both in the USA and Europe, the use of slotting allowances has attracted attention in the general press as well as among policy makers and economists. One school of thought claims that slotting allowances are efficiency enhancing, while another school of thought maintains that slotting allowances are used in an anti-competitive manner. In this paper, we argue that this controversy is partially caused by inadequate assumptions of how the retail market is structured and organized. Using a formal model, we show that there are good reasons to expect anti-competitive effects of slotting allowances. We further point out that competition authorities tend to use an unsatisfactory basis for comparison when analyzing welfare consequences of slotting allowances.slotting allowances, retail competition, anti-trust policy

Slotting Allowances and Buy-Back Clauses

In this paper we investigate some of the most frequent arguments for the use of slotting allowances. It has been claimed that slotting allowances can be profitability used to increase retail profits at the cost of increasing consumer prices. A second argument is that slotting allowances can be used by producers of new product to signal the demand potential of their products. We find that in perfect information setting slotting allowances will never arise in equilibrium. Moreover, we question whether slotting allowances can serve as a signalling device. We argue that buy-back clauses are far better instruments to signal profitability of new product launches in the grocery sector.Demand and Price Analysis, L12, L40,

FEFC: review of geographical and institutional factors: staffing costs, final report

In this report Maxwell Stamp has attempted to provide a comprehensive analysis and approach to calculating regional wage differentials for the FE sector. We have examined the conceptual and analytical issues involved in this area and have reviewed the work carried out by other institutions that take into account regional pay differences in their funding formulas. Finally, we have examined the FEFC data on pay and employee characteristics and used statistical techniques to estimate regional pay differences in the FE sector. The details of the ‘new’ FEFC weighting allowances are set in Section 4 and summarised in Table 4.1. They show high allowances for London, and that London can be split into three areas, an inner, middle and outer core. The allowances for the inner and middle cores are significantly above the current allowances used in the 1998/9 funding formula. Maxwell Stamp also find moderate allowances for most of the counties surrounding London. There is also some empirical support in the FEFC data for an allowance for Greater Manchester and the West Midlands. However, the balance of the evidence from other studies does not indicate a high value for both areas. Therefore, our recommendations would support the case for new allowances based on the FEFC results set out in Table 4.1 for the London area and the surrounding counties. On balance, we believe the case for an allowance for Greater Manchester and the West Midlands is less robust

Corporate tax structure and production

The authors provide an empirical framework for assessing the effects of tax policy on an array of producer decisions about output supplies and input demands in Mexico, Pakistan, and Turkey. They specify and estimate a dynamic production structure model with imperfect competition for selected industries in these countries. The model results suggest that tax policy affected production and investment and further that selective tax incentives such as investment tax credits, investment allowances, and accelerated capital consumption (depreciation) allowances are more cost effective at promoting investment than more general tax incentives such as corporate tax rate reductions. The long run cost effectiveness of these incentives - except corporate tax rate reductions, which proved cost ineffective in all cases - varies by country. In Turkey, investment allowances and capital consumption allowances were cost effective. In Mexico, neither investment tax credits nor accelerated capital consumption allowances were cost effective. In contrast, in Pakistan, both investment tax credits and accelerated capital consumption allowances were cost effective. In the intermediate run, defined as tax policy impact after one year, only the investment allowances and accelerated capital consumption allowances available to Turkish industries proved cost effective. To make selective tax incentives more effective, investmenttax credits must be refundable and carrying forward investment depreciation allowances must be permitted. If stimulating investment expenditure is the sole objective of tax policy, reducing the corporate tax rate is not a cost effective instrument to achieve this objective.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Public Sector Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform

The finance and marketing dilemma: Do promotional allowances actually increase revenue and profits for Atlantic City casinos?

Casinos offer free items to attract new guests or to reward their loyal customers. Casino management and marketing personnel believe these promotional allowances are necessary to maintain customers and to increase revenue. Three regression models are run to determine if promotional allowances increase gross revenue, net revenue, and gross operating profit for Atlantic City casinos. Results show that with a $1 increase in promotional allowances there is a significant increase of$4.53 in gross revenue, $3.53 in net revenue, and$1.29 in gross operating profit. These results will help management better understand the effect of offering complimentaries to their customers

A framework for compensating rest allowance

A great many papers have been written on the subject of human fatigue but the complaint is often made in industry that, while many of these studies may be of scientific value, it is very difficult to see how they may assist those who are concerned with the problem in industry, in particular the time study engineers whose job it is to assess the fatigue that work involves and to apply the appropriate allowances. The object of this paper is to consider the problem of these allowances (usually termed. Compensating Rest or C.R. allowances) in the light of scientific evidence. It is not proposed to refer to previous work that bears on this field in any specific way, since a paper which did so would run to considerable length, but rather to evaluate some of the most important material and to suggest the type of framework for C.R. allowances that would appear most rational in the light of available evidence. As this paper is written primarily for those in industry, knowledge of industrial practices and terminology is assumed

Nutrient Trading in Lake Rotorua: Goals and Trading Caps

For a nutrient trading system to achieve the desired environmental outcome, or goal, this outcome needs to be translated into nutrient flows and allowances. To connect the nutrient loss provided for under the allowances with the environmental goal, a number of decisions need to be made. These decisions will shape the nutrient trading system. This paper looks at the information and analysis needed to ultimately define allowances and set trading caps for a nutrient trading system.Water quality, nutrients, trading, Lake Rotorua