The marked status of Accent 2 in Central Swedish

Based on results from psycholinguistic and neuro- linguistic research on the perception of word ac- cents in Central Swedish, we argue that Accent 2 could be seen as “marked,” as opposed to the un- marked Accent 1. The markedness of Accent 2 is assumed to be both phonetic, due to its relatively more complex high tone, and cognitive, due to the fact that the Accent 2 tone activates more word forms and thus increases processing load

North Germanic Tonal Accent is Equipollent and Metrical: Evidence from Compounding

For the North Germanic opposition between two tonal accents, it has been claimed that Accent 2 has a lexical tone, that Accent 1 has a lexical tone, that both accents are marked tonally in the lexicon, or that the accent opposition is based on two types of feet. Based on evidence from compounding, we argue that the opposition between Accent 1 and Accent 2 is equipollent, and that this is best expressed in a foot-based approach since each lexical item will necessarily receive a foot. Elaborating on previous metrical work on tonal accent, we assume that binary feet can be built on moras (= Accent 1) or syllables (= Accent 2) and show how this successfully captures compound accentuation in Central Swedish and Urban East Norwegian. Our foot-based analysis is in line with recent work on tonal accent that calls into question the claim that all tonal contrasts within syllables must be due to the presence of lexical tone. In addition, our analysis addresses issues surrounding the phonology of compounds in general, and prosodic effects of compounding in particular

Tonal variation and change in Dalarna Swedish

This article questions the prevalent account of North Germanic tonogenesis, which proposes that at the outset, Accent 2 was characterized by a double-peaked melody close to the one found in central Swedish today (Riad 1998, Kingston 2011). The spreading patterns observed in the data analyzed here are difficult to reconcile with this hypothesis. My analysis instead offers support in favor of the alternative hypothesis that the phonetic roots of the accentual contrast are to be found in a difference in timing between single peaks, specifically, peak delay in plurisyllabic domains, but not in mono-syllables due to lack of space. The variation observed in the single peak Dalarna varieties today, from robust timing differences in the south to absence or only partial implementation of the tonal contrast in the north, strongly suggests that the accentual contrast has been spreading northwards through incremental peak delay in Accent 2 words. I argue that this situation mirrors the initial stages in the development that, through additional peak delay, eventually resulted in a double-peaked Accent 2 melody in central Scandinavia. At the same time, the older single peak patterns are still retained in Dalarna and scattered around the geographical margins of Norway and Sweden.acceptedVersio

The development of a modified 2 pair Dichotic Digit test recorded in a South African English Accent

The impact of Central Auditory Processing Disorders (CAPD) on language and communication of children and adults is well documented in research. Several tests and normative data exist to assess and diagnose for CAPD, but these tests are not valid for use in South Africa due mismatch in the language or accent of the test recording and the language spoken in South Africa as well as normative data that were collected in the United States of America. As such CAPD may remain undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or designed management plans may be inappropriate as they arose from invalid tests. This study employed a developmental study design in order to adapt an existing 2-pair dichotic digit test (2-pair DDT) to a South African English accent to better suit the South African context. The study further investigated the effect of accent on dichotic digit test performance by comparing the performance of South African adults on the newly adapted South African accent 2-pair DDT and the existing 2-pair DDT, specified by the Department of Veteran Affairs (DVA), using a Wilcoxon-signed ranked test. Lastly, the study collected normative data for the 2-pair DDT that can be used in South Africa. The study successfully used a developmental study design to produce a South African accent 2-pair DDT that meets the international specifications as outlined by the DVA. A Wilcoxon signed ranked test showed that South Africans performed better on the South African accent 2- pair DDT than on the DVA specified test. The latter finding was supported by qualitative reports from the participants who found the DVA specified 2-pair DDT stimuli to be more difficult to listen to as compared to the South African accent test. Furthermore, the study produced preliminary normative data for the South African accent 2-pair DDT that met international standards and may be used to score 2-pair DDT performance. The successful use of the developmental study design to adapt the 2-pair DDT shows promising possibilities as a systematic process for adapting or developing tests that are more contextually appropriate for various contexts

Denizens of Alien Worlds: A study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} This is a review paper on Tariq Rehman's book "Denizens of Alien Worlds:  A study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan" which published in 2004. Reviewer has critically analyzed the book and brought forward all key points regarding selecting this book for review.    </p

Relations And Conflicts Between Learner Motivation And Teaching Method In Second Language Learning

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Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} The relationships and conflicts in learner’s motivation and teaching methodology depend on several important factors in teaching content. This paper first discusses the relationships and then the conflicts between the two in Second Language Learning. In the light of the research, done so far in this respect, it is, worthwhile to investigate in this paper to find out the relationships and the conflicts between learners' motivation and classroom situation especially the method of teaching, syllabus and learners' goals.</p

MOHTARAMA FATIMA JINNAH AND THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1965

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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The paper analyses the political contributions of Mohtarama Fatima Jinnah regarding the election of 1965 as a contester and the leader of Combined Opposition Parties (COP). Her decision to contest the Presidential Election of 1965 was the part of her firmed belief in democracy, sovereignty of political culture and the restoration of human and social values in the country. The paper also highlights the leadership qualities of Mohtarama Fatima Jinnah during the course of her whole life. As a sister of Great Quaid, her perceptions and aptitudes towards the right path, unity, faith and discipline are the main features of this paper.</p

Importance of Teaching and Developing Reading Vocabulary through Context- Based Approach

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Vocabulary teaching and learning is increasingly viewed as crucial to language learning process. The teacher and scholars know teaching and learning vocabulary is a tedious job and is not intrinsically motivating for the learner. In this regard, the researchers keep looking for different methods and strategies to make teaching and learning vocabulary easier and more pleasant for learners. In fact, the greatest tools we can give our learners for succeeding, not only in their education but more generally in life, is a large, rich vocabulary and the skills for using those words in different context. Expanding a learner’s vocabulary by using contextual clues is way to reduce the need for consulting dictionaries and memorizing list of words.</p

A Critical Appraisal of Process Approach to the Teaching of EFL Writing

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Deficiency Analysis of Writing Skills with reference to Civil Judges in Pakistan

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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} This paper is an attempt to analyze the deficiency in writing skills with reference to Civil Judges in Pakistan. The purpose is to provide a solution in the light of the findings of the research: recommendation of a specific course. In the introduction, the paper describes the structure of judiciary in Pakistan, states the problem, provides the objective of research, and introduces the research carried out. Next, review of literature has been presented. This is followed by sections on research methodology, data analysis, and overall findings. Subsequently, the paper ends with recommendations.</p