Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles from Withania Somnifera Root Extract and Its Investigation of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Bacterial Activity

This study represents, green synthesis is a safe, inexpensive, and sustainable method for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is extremely appealing in the present and future eras. Various kinds of natural extracts like bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plant extracts have been used as effective supplies for the fabrication of materials. Among them, the plant extracts made by biological methods, have proven to possess chiefly stable products that do not cause any adverse reactions, and the waste disposal is toxic-free and effortless. The synthesized silver nanoparticles by green synthesis are having a wide range of applications that are applied extensively both in the field of environmental remediation and in other important areas like pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic industries, and many more. In the study, the biological synthesis of Withania Somnifera silver nanoparticles was successfully prepared. The method was found to be simple and does not need any specialized equipment or isolation techniques. Different characterization methods prove the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were of an estimated size, the first indication was visual observation and further characterization using the UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 431nm for F4 formulation, which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The FTIR result of formulated silver nanoparticles showed no interaction between silver nitrate and the extract. The particle size of the nanoparticles is homogeneous in size and the size distribution is compared with that of the extract. All the formulations showed lower particle sizes. Among these, the F4 formulation showed the lowest particle size range of (64.14 d.nm). Zeta potential is an indication of the stability of the formulations which should be around ±20 mV. The Zeta potential of F4 (-14.9 mV)indicated good quality and showed the best formulation. The image of the SEM result showed agood surface morphologyin small rectangular needle-shaped structure for F4 formulation when compared with that of Withania Somnifera root extract. The XRD technique for F4 formulation showed reduced diffraction peaks when compared with that of Withania Somniferaroot extract and the XRD technique showed the faced centered cubic in nature of the nanoparticles. The formulated F4silver nanoparticle was investigated for its Anti-Bacterial and Anti-inflammatory activity. The Anti-Bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was carried out by the agar diffusion method. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited more excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. substilis than E. coli and K. Pneumonia. The formulated silver nanoparticle, F4 formulation also showed Anti-inflammatory activity, which was investigated by using in -vitro method of denaturation of protein albumin. Through this study, we summarized that the formulated silver nanoparticles showed good anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the extract. The present study showed the potential of Withania Somnifera root extract to reduce the silver ions to synthesize silver nanoparticles that can be used for different applications like Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory activity. In the future, it can be further formulated for various clinical applications as well. From the Scientific view, there is more scope for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles because of their simple method for manufacture and various applications, like eco-friendly, low cost, and used for large scale synthesis

ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF WITHANIA QARAITICA IN MICE

Objective: The goal of the present study was to assess the antidepressant-like action of Withania qaraitica in two behavioral animal models, the forced-swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Methods: Witania qaraitica methanolic extract was prepared by the maceration. The antidepressant activity was measured by the forced-swimming test (FST) using C57BL/6 mice and the tail suspension test (TST) using BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into three groups: control (DMSO), standard (citalopram and desipramine), and Withania qaraitica methanolic extract (n = 6 per group). Drugs were injected (1 ml/100 g) intraperitoneally (i.p.). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by LSD post-hoc tests, where * p < 0.001 was considered significantly different from the vehicle control. The data are expressed as mean±SEM. Results: In both the FST and the TST, antidepressant positive controls citalopram and desipramine significantly reduced the time of immobility compared to vehicle control (p<0.001). The methanolic extract of Withania qaraitica at the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly reduced the immobility times with respect to vehicle control as well as lower doses of the same extract (10 and 20 mg/kg) in FST (p<0.001). In a similar fashion, the methanolic extract of Withania qaraitica at the dose of 40 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility in TST (p<0.005). Conclusion: The current results show the antidepressant-like activity of Withania qaraitica in mice. This observation warrants additional studies to identify the underlining mechanism by which Withania qaraitica  produces antidepressant-like effects