An Uncertain Destination: On the Development of Conflict Management Systems in U.S. Corporations

[Excerpt] Our survey and field research have led us to some tentative conclusions that do not conform to the conventional wisdom of our field. From its inception, ADR has been controversial. On the one hand, ADR has been embraced by a coterie of champions who have always believed that its advantages over litigation were so obvious and compelling it would only be a matter of time before ADR was adopted universally. These champions have also been missionaries, proselytizing their faith in all quarters and making numerous converts. Like all true believers, ADR champions cannot understand why others have not yet gotten the faith. On the other hand, there has always been a group of ADR opponents who believe ADR undercuts our system of justice and must be resisted. ADR champions believe in the inevitability of ADR, while ADR opponents believe the movement to ADR can be stopped and even reversed. On balance, we believe in ADR\u27s merits and share many of its champions\u27 convictions. Our research — which is based on the analytical model we present in this paper — suggests, however, that there is nothing inevitable about the ultimate triumph of ADR

Biological properties of adriamycin bound to biodegradable polymeric carriers

Three different conjugates having adriamycin (ADR) bound to the side chain carboxyl groups of high-molecular weight poly (¿--glutamic acid) (PGA) either directly or by interpolation of GlyGly and GlyGlyGlyLeu spacers, respectively, were compared with respect to immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in mice as well as release of drug by lysosomal enzymes. The cytotoxic efficacy of a single i.p. dose of each conjugate (5 mg ADR-equiv./kg) against L1210 leukemia cells implanted i.p. in DBA2 mice was studied by monitoring the survival time, the body weight and the number of long-term survivors (LTS). PGA-GlyGlyGlyLeu-ADR and PGA-GlyGly-ADR significantly enhanced the mean survival time (MST) of treated animals compared with the untreated control group (T/C 148¿149%) as did free ADR (T/C 147%). The tetrapeptide-spacer containing conjugate effected the presence of LTS at day 50 (2/5) as did free ADR (1/5).\ud \ud The secondary antibody response of the drug conjugates elicited in A/J mice after repeated dosage (125 ¿g/mouse) at day 0, 14 and 28 was evaluated at day 35 using the ELISA technique. IgG titers varied from a very low value (PGA-GlyGlyGlyLeu-ADR) to moderately high levels (PGA-ADR, PGA-GlyGly-ADR) which are 2¿3 orders of magnitude below that obtained for the strong immunogen bovine IgG. The data suggest that certain parts on the surface of the conjugates are immunogenic.\ud \ud The release of extractable low-molecular weight products from the conjugates mediated by lysosomal enzymes was analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC. The release profile of ADR as well as Gly-ADR, Leu-ADR or GlyLeu-ADR was determined. The total amount of ADR released after 77 h was 3.6% for PGA-GlyGlyGly-Leu-ADR, 1.0% for PGA-GlyGly-ADR and 0.5% for PGA-ADR. With all conjugates unidentified products were produced.\ud \ud It is proposed that the mechanism of action of the polymeric conjugates under in vivo conditions may be due to pinocytic capture followed by lysosomal degradation with release of ADR

ADR and Scottish commercial litigators : a study of attitudes and experience

Reports on the findings of a study of the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) by commercial litigators in Scotland. Analyses survey responses from commercial litigators on a range of issues, including: (1) their own knowledge of, training in, and actual experience of ADR; (2) reasons why they might recommend or decline use of ADR; (3) the outcome of ADR procedures they have used; (4) ADR as a business opportunity; (5) the role of courts in encouraging ADR; and (6) reasons why the take up of ADR in Scotland has not been greater

Reduced chemotherapeutic sensitivity in high glucose condition: implication of antioxidant response

Resistance to chemotherapy represents a major obstacle to successful treatment. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been directly linked to the cytotoxic effects of several antitumor agents, including Adriamycin (ADR), and modulation of the oxidative balance has been implicated in the development and/or regulation of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We recently showed that high glucose (HG) markedly diminished the cancer cell death induced by anticancer agents such as ADR. In the present study we attempted to evaluate the mechanism that impaired the cytotoxic effect of ADR in HG. We found that, in colon cancer cells, HG attenuated ADR-induced ROS production that consequently diminished ADR-induced H2AX phosphorylation and micronuclei (MN) formation. Mechanistically, HG attenuation of ADR-induced ROS production correlated with increased antioxidant response promoted by NRF2 activity. Thus, pharmacologic inhibition of NRF2 pathway by brusatol re-established the ADR cytotoxic effect impaired by HG. Together, the data provide new insights into chemotherapeutic-resistance mechanisms in HG condition dictated by increased NRF2-induced antioxidant response and how they may be overcome in order to restore chemosensitivity and ADR-induced cell death

What Difference Does ADR Make? Comparison of ADR and Trial Outcomes in Small Claims Court

This study compares the experience of small claims litigants who use alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) to those who proceeded to trial without ADR. ADR had significant immediate and long-term benefits, including improved party attitudes toward and relationship with each other, greater sense of empowerment and voice, increases in parties taking responsibility for the dispute, and increases in party satisfaction with the judiciary. Cases that settled in ADR also were less likely to return to court for an enforcement action within the next year

ADR and Litigation Involving Social Problems

This Article addresses remarks of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, Michael Cardozo, regarding the use of ADR in legal disputes involving municipal government. It also highlights the special responsibilities of class counsel in the ADR context in class action litigation on behalf of vulnerable families and individuals. Specifically, the Article addresses ADR resolutions in Sheppard v. Phoenix, No. 91 Civ. 4148(RPP), 1998 WL 397846 (S.D.N.Y. July 16, 1998), Marisol v. Giuliani, 185 F.R.D. 152 (S.D.N.Y. 1992), and McCain v. Dinkins, 84 N.Y.2d 216 (1994). The Article concludes with a discussion of ADR in the context of litigation on behalf of homeless New Yorkers. ADR can simultaneously prevent harm to vulnerable populations and keep parties out of court when the government falls out of compliance with legal rights and protections. ADR should not be used to wipe away fundamental legal rights protecting homeless families

Designing an information system for updating land records in Bangladesh: action design ethnographic research (ADER)

Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Information Systems (IS) has developed through adapting, generating and applying diverse methodologies, methods, and techniques from reference disciplines. Further, Action Design Research (ADR) has recently developed as a broad research method that focuses on designing and redesigning IT and IS in organizational contexts. This paper reflects on applying ADR in a complex organizational context in a developing country. It shows that ADR requires additional lens for designing IS in such a complex organizational context. Through conducting ADR, it is seen that an ethnographic framework has potential complementarities for understanding complex contexts thereby enhancing the ADR processes. This paper argues that conducting ADR with an ethnographic approach enhances design of IS and organizational contexts. Finally, this paper aims presents a broader methodological framework, Action Design Ethnographic Research (ADER), for designing artefacts as well as IS. This is illustrated through the case of a land records updating service in Bangladesh

An Evaluation of the New York State Workers’ Compensation Pilot Program for Alternative Dispute Resolution

In 1995, the State 0f New York enacted legislation authorizing the establishment of a workers\u27 compensation alternative dispute resolution pilot program for the unionized sector of the construction industry. Collective bargaining agreements could establish an alternative dispute resolution process for resolving claims (including but not limited to mediation and arbitration), use of an agreed managed care organization or list of authorized providers for medical treatment that constitutes the exclusive source of all medical and related treatment, supplemental benefits, return-to-work programs, and vocational rehabilitation programs. The legislation also directed the School ofIndustrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University (ILR) to evaluate compliance with state and federal due process requirements provided in the collective bargaining agreements authorized by this act, and the use, costs and merits of the alternative dispute resolution system established pursuant to this act. In response to this legislative mandate, ILR reviewed the research previously conducted on alternative dispute resolution (ADR), generally, and in workers\u27 compensation. This included examining the purported advantages and disadvantages of ADR, the prevalence of ADR, and published statistical or anecdotal evidence regarding the impact of ADR. ILR created a research design for claimant-level and project-level analyses, and developed data collection instruments for these analyses that included an injured worker survey for ADR claimants and claimants in the traditional (statutory)workers\u27 compensation system, an Ombudsman\u27s log, a manual of data elements pertaining to ADR and comparison group claimants, and interview questions for ADR signatories and other officials. The findings in this report draw upon a comparison of claimant-level, descriptive statistics (averages) for injured workers in the ADR and traditional (statutory) workers\u27 compensation system; the results of more sophisticated, statistical analyses of claimant-level data; and project-level information (including, but not limited to, interviews with ADR signatories and dispute resolution officials)

Architectural design rewriting as an architecture description language

Architectural Design Rewriting (ADR) is a declarative rule-based approach for the design of dynamic software architectures. The key features that make ADR a suitable and expressive framework are the algebraic presentation of graph-based structures and the use of conditional rewrite rules. These features enable the modelling of, e.g. hierarchical design, inductively defined reconfigurations and ordinary computation. Here, we promote ADR as an Architectural Description Language

Synthesis and biological evaluation of immunoconjugates of adriamycin and a human IgM linked by poly[N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-l-glutamine

The synthesis and purification of radiolabelled immunoconjugates, composed of a human IgM monoclonal antibody (IgM 16.88) directed against an intracellular tumour-associated antigen, the drug carrier poly[N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)--glutamine] (PHEG) and the cytostatic drug adriamycin (ADR) are described. The immunoconjugates were constructed to allow selective release of ADR in the putatively acidic environment of the tumour through a novel acid-labile maleamic acid linker. The conjugate of PHEG and the acid-labile ADR derivative effectively released ADR in cytotoxic amounts at a pH of 6.0 as judged from incubation in buffer and from inhibition of the growth of HT-29 colon tumour cells in vitro. Immunoconjugates were prepared by coupling of PHEG-ADR having a hydrolytically stable amide bond with 131I-labelled antibody through thioether bond formation involving a single thiol group at the C-terminus of the polymer chain and maleimido groups introduced onto th