30 research outputs found
On Reward Structures of Markov Decision Processes
A Markov decision process can be parameterized by a transition kernel and a
reward function. Both play essential roles in the study of reinforcement
learning as evidenced by their presence in the Bellman equations. In our
inquiry of various kinds of "costs" associated with reinforcement learning
inspired by the demands in robotic applications, rewards are central to
understanding the structure of a Markov decision process and reward-centric
notions can elucidate important concepts in reinforcement learning.
Specifically, we study the sample complexity of policy evaluation and develop
a novel estimator with an instance-specific error bound of
for estimating a single state value. Under
the online regret minimization setting, we refine the transition-based MDP
constant, diameter, into a reward-based constant, maximum expected hitting
cost, and with it, provide a theoretical explanation for how a well-known
technique, potential-based reward shaping, could accelerate learning with
expert knowledge. In an attempt to study safe reinforcement learning, we model
hazardous environments with irrecoverability and proposed a quantitative notion
of safe learning via reset efficiency. In this setting, we modify a classic
algorithm to account for resets achieving promising preliminary numerical
results. Lastly, for MDPs with multiple reward functions, we develop a planning
algorithm that computationally efficiently finds Pareto-optimal stochastic
policies.Comment: This PhD thesis draws heavily from arXiv:1907.02114 and
arXiv:2002.06299; minor edit
Policy iteration for perfect information stochastic mean payoff games with bounded first return times is strongly polynomial
Recent results of Ye and Hansen, Miltersen and Zwick show that policy
iteration for one or two player (perfect information) zero-sum stochastic
games, restricted to instances with a fixed discount rate, is strongly
polynomial. We show that policy iteration for mean-payoff zero-sum stochastic
games is also strongly polynomial when restricted to instances with bounded
first mean return time to a given state. The proof is based on methods of
nonlinear Perron-Frobenius theory, allowing us to reduce the mean-payoff
problem to a discounted problem with state dependent discount rate. Our
analysis also shows that policy iteration remains strongly polynomial for
discounted problems in which the discount rate can be state dependent (and even
negative) at certain states, provided that the spectral radii of the
nonnegative matrices associated to all strategies are bounded from above by a
fixed constant strictly less than 1.Comment: 17 page
Towards Optimal Algorithms For Online Decision Making Under Practical Constraints
Artificial Intelligence is increasingly being used in real-life applications such as driving with autonomous cars; deliveries with autonomous drones; customer support with chat-bots; personal assistant with smart speakers . . . An Artificial Intelligent agent (AI) can be trained to become expert at a task through a system of rewards and punishment, also well known as Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, since the AI will deal with human beings, it also has to follow some moral rules to accomplish any task. For example, the AI should be fair to the other agents and not destroy the environment. Moreover, the AI should not leak the privacy of users’ data it processes. Those rules represent significant challenges in designing AI that we tackle in this thesis through mathematically rigorous solutions.More precisely, we start by considering the basic RL problem modeled as a discrete Markov Decision Process. We propose three simple algorithms (UCRL-V, BUCRL and TSUCRL) using two different paradigms: Frequentist (UCRL-V) and Bayesian (BUCRL and TSUCRL). Through a unified theoretical analysis, we show that our three algorithms are near-optimal. Experiments performed confirm the superiority of our methods compared to existing techniques. Afterwards, we address the issue of fairness in the stateless version of reinforcement learning also known as multi-armed bandit. To concentrate our effort on the key challenges, we focus on two-agents multi-armed bandit. We propose a novel objective that has been shown to be connected to fairness and justice. We derive an algorithm UCRG to solve this novel objective and show theoretically its near-optimality. Next, we tackle the issue of privacy by using the recently introduced notion of Differential Privacy. We design multi-armed bandit algorithms that preserve differential-privacy. Theoretical analyses show that for the same level of privacy, our newly developed algorithms achieve better performance than existing techniques
Examining average and discounted reward optimality criteria in reinforcement learning
In reinforcement learning (RL), the goal is to obtain an optimal policy, for
which the optimality criterion is fundamentally important. Two major optimality
criteria are average and discounted rewards, where the later is typically
considered as an approximation to the former. While the discounted reward is
more popular, it is problematic to apply in environments that have no natural
notion of discounting. This motivates us to revisit a) the progression of
optimality criteria in dynamic programming, b) justification for and
complication of an artificial discount factor, and c) benefits of directly
maximizing the average reward. Our contributions include a thorough examination
of the relationship between average and discounted rewards, as well as a
discussion of their pros and cons in RL. We emphasize that average-reward RL
methods possess the ingredient and mechanism for developing the general
discounting-free optimality criterion (Veinott, 1969) in RL.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 10-page main conten
Discrete-time controlled markov processes with average cost criterion: a survey
This work is a survey of the average cost control problem for discrete-time Markov processes. The authors have attempted to put together a comprehensive account of the considerable research on this problem over the past three decades. The exposition ranges from finite to Borel state and action spaces and includes a variety of methodologies to find and characterize optimal policies. The authors have included a brief historical perspective of the research efforts in this area and have compiled a substantial yet not exhaustive bibliography. The authors have also identified several important questions that are still open to investigation
Simulation-Based Algorithms for Average Cost Markov Decision Processes
In this paper, we give a summary of recent development of simulation-based algorithmsfor average cost MDP problems, which are different from those for discounted cost problems or shortest pathproblems. We introduce both simulation-based policy iteration algorithms and simulation-based value iterationalgorithms for average cost problems, and give the pros and cons of each algorithm