A Tale of Two Laws

A Review of The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract by Patrick S. Atiya

How Do Predatory Lending Laws Influence Mortgage Lending in Urban Areas? A Tale of Two Cities

This paper examines the effects of predatory lending laws in the cities of Chicago and Philadelphia. The level of mortgage activity in each of the cities is compared during the pre- and post-legislative periods relative to other parts of the state to assess the impact of localized legislation. In Chicago, where the predatory lending law focused on banks, a subprime origination in the city was found to be more likely to be made by a nonbank after the passage of the law. In Philadelphia, however, where the predatory legislation was aimed at all financial service providers, a decline was observed in the likelihood of a subprime loan being originated in the city during the post-legislation period, with the minority and low-income market segments experiencing the largest reduction.

A Tale of Two Societies: The Impact of Gig Economy Laws on Rural America

In recent years, with the proliferation of online “gig economy” platforms and the growing number of workers relying on such platforms as sources of income, disputes have arisen concerning whether states should mandate that such workers be classified as employees versus independent contractors. This article considers whether such laws have the potential to impact rural populations in different ways than they impact urban populations

A Tale of Two Laws of Semantic Change: Predicting Synonym Changes with Distributional Semantic Models

Lexical Semantic Change is the study of how the meaning of words evolves through time. Another related question is whether and how lexical relations over pairs of words, such as synonymy, change over time. There are currently two competing, apparently opposite hypotheses in the historical linguistic literature regarding how synonymous words evolve: the Law of Differentiation (LD) argues that synonyms tend to take on different meanings over time, whereas the Law of Parallel Change (LPC) claims that synonyms tend to undergo the same semantic change and therefore remain synonyms. So far, there has been little research using distributional models to assess to what extent these laws apply on historical corpora. In this work, we take a first step toward detecting whether LD or LPC operates for given word pairs. After recasting the problem into a more tractable task, we combine two linguistic resources to propose the first complete evaluation framework on this problem and provide empirical evidence in favor of a dominance of LD. We then propose various computational approaches to the problem using Distributional Semantic Models and grounded in recent literature on Lexical Semantic Change detection. Our best approaches achieve a balanced accuracy above 0.6 on our dataset. We discuss challenges still faced by these approaches, such as polysemy or the potential confusion between synonymy and hypernymy.Comment: Accepted at The 12th Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM 2023

Penerapan Hukum Epik Ala Axel Olrik Dalam Dongeng Jepang Berjudul Mizuumi No Kegyo (Ikan Aneh Dalam Danau)

AbstrakStruktur cerita dalam cerita rakyat umumnya terikat pada hukum yang sama. Hukum-hukum dalam sebuah cerita disebut dengan hukum epic ala Axel Olrik. Terdapat tiga belas hukum epos Ala Axel Orik. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti penerapan hukum epic Ala Axel Olrik dalam dongeng Jepang berjudul Mizuumi No Kegyo (Ikan Aneh dalam Danau). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan struktur cerita dalam dongeng Jepang. Dongeng ini dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini ada enam hukum epik Ala axel Orlic yakni: 1) hukum pembukaan dan penutup, 2) hukum-hukum penggulangan, 3) hukum pentingnya tokoh-tokoh yang keluar pertama dan keluar terakhir, 4) hukum penggunaan adegan-adegan tablo, 5) hukum kesatupaduan rencana cerita, dan 6) hukum pemusatan pada tokoh utama. Struktur cerita dalam dongeng Mizuumi no Kegyo (Ikan Aneh dalam Danau) yaitu memiliki dua pola segitiga tak beralas dan  garis menanjak.Kata kunci : hukum epic Axel Olrik, Dongeng, Struktur  AbstractThe structure of stories in folklore is generally tied to the same law. The laws in a folklore is known by Axel Olrik's epic laws. Axel Olrik’s epic laws are consists of thirteen epic laws. Therefore, the researchers are interested to examine the application of Axel Olrik's epic laws in the Japanese fairy tale entitled Mizuumi No Kegyo (Ugly Fish in the Lake). The purpose of this research is describe the story structure in Japanese fairy tales.This fairy tale was analyzed using descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study are six Epic Laws of Axel Orlic, namely: 1) the laws of opening and closing, 2) the laws of reptition, 3) the law of the importance of the first and last outgoing figures, 4) the law of the use of tableaux scenes 5 ) The law of the unity of the plot, and 6) the law of the concentration on a leading character. The structure of the story in the fairy tale Mizuumi no Kegyo (Ugly Fish in the Lake) that has two unwarranted triangular patterns and uphill lines.    Keywords: Axel Olrik's epic law, Folklore, Structur

A Tale of Two Systems: a Comparative Analysis of Scotland’s Community-Based Juvenile Justice and America’s Prosecutorial Discretion Laws

America’s juvenile justice system’s most notable shift came in the 1980s when states deferred the power to prosecute children in adult courts to prosecutors. Prosecutorial discretion over juvenile cases was a rather dormant power, exercised in less than 2% of juvenile cases across the country until the early 2000s. Over the last five years, in response to a growing call to exercise the full power of America’s punitive justice system, states broadened the prosecutor’s discretionary powers. In some cases, prosecutors were given the full discretion to direct file children into adult courts — a decision that could not be reviewed or blocked by a judge. But as America grabbles with a shifted focus on punishing child offenders, Scotland embraces its own revolutionary juvenile justice system. Nearly fifty years ago, Scotland abandoned its juvenile justice system and traded punitive juvenile courts for community-based justice. Since then, Scotland’s juvenile justice program evolved into a nation-wide project that shifted the country’s perspective and approaches toward juvenile crime. This paper dives into the history and details behind America’s prosecutorial discretion laws and Scotland’s community-based justice system. Then, by analyzing implications, I argue America’s punitive justice system should opt for a more rehabilitative system approach to juvenile justice; a system that mirrors Scotland’s effective, and inherently just, nationwide approach

Law and Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Opportunity\u27 is a central concept in entrepreneurship research, and this Article explores the relationship between law and entrepreneurial opportunities. We adopt the widely held view that entrepreneurial opportunities are ideas created by entrepreneurs, rather than resources waiting to be discovered. Of course, as with all products of the imagination, entrepreneurial opportunities draw on existing resources for inspiration, and we contend that some legal systems are better than other legal systems at encouraging entrepreneurs to think about existing resources in new ways. We also contend that when entrepreneurial opportunities are exploited, the inventory of resources expands, thus laying the foundation for the creation of more entrepreneurial opportunities. This \u27opportunity cycle\u27 leads to plentiful and continuous opportunity creation. Legal rules play an important role in each stage in the opportunity cycle, and two sets of stories told about law are foundational to innovation research. The first is that property rights (i.e., rights to exclude) are essential in the development of innovative resources because property rights assure market participants that they can retain many of the benefits of their success. The second is that various sets of legal rules – including laws limiting barriers to entry, bankruptcy laws, and corporate laws relating to limited liability and asset partitioning – reduce the costs of entrepreneurial action and failure, thus emboldening entrepreneurs to exploit opportunities. Our thesis is that all of these stories are part of a grander tale about the opportunity cycle, and the central theme of that tale is that the promotion of entrepreneurial action is a fundamental value of the U.S. legal system, the expression of which through positive law inspires entrepreneurs to create more opportunities

A Tale of Two Sovereigns: Federal and State Use and Regulation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Despite claims to the contrary, the federal government is severely limited in what it can do to regulate unmanned aircraft systems (UASs). States, on the other hand, as governments of general jurisdiction, have expansive powers that they are already using to grapple with the questions posed by UAS related to privacy, crime, and public safety. This chapter outlines the evolution of federal measures, noting their limitations, before delving into three categories of state law, related to law enforcement, criminal measures, and regulatory regimes. The chapter then turns to the history of state sovereignty, looking at states’ jurisdiction over persons and land within their bounds, before turning to the limits of federal interstate commerce authorities. With river navigation and aviation serving as the forerunners of federal power, the chapter distinguishes the types of questions that accompany UAS, arguing that it is in relation to adjacent airspace and noneconomic activities where the federal government is at its weakest in any effort to regulate the states. Up to 500 ft above the ground, states have sovereignty, with authority over roads, land, and waterways. Within this domain, federal Commerce Clause powers only occupy a narrow area, leaving state police powers the dominant framework for UAS. The chapter concludes by highlighting the advantages of having states take the lead for UAS, focusing on the risk to rights of allowing the federal government to move into this realm and underscoring the importance in the role of the states as incubators of innovation