Social Capital, Networks and Interlocking Directorates: A Mexican Case

Purpose ? This paper investigates whether a pattern of interlocking directorates is emerging following reforms in Mexican corporations, and who, if any, are the powerful actors in this network. Drawing on the Bourdieusian notion of social capital, the paper also analyses theoretically the interlocking directorates, networks and powerful actors, and their influences on and potential implications for corporate governance mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach ? The data used in the study consisted of 1,442 internal and external board members of the population of 126 Mexican corporations trading on the Mexican Stock Market as of January 2011. Use of social network analysis (SNA) demonstrates individuals? links with corporations and allows the production of spatial maps to visualise the network structure of interlocking boards. Findings ? Using the measures of SNA developed by Freeman (1979), we identify the most powerful and influential directors in the network structure of board members in Mexico. Board members with the greatest number of connections occupy central positions in the network. We also find a catalogue of corporate governance scandals. The inclusion of independent directors seems to have had no influence in ensuring better corporate governance. Research limitations/implications ? Mapping out the directors? links might offer excellent opportunities for policy makers to see how many companies a single director represents, how they share boards, and the implications for minority shareholders of sharing boards, and to understand the workloads of directors in carrying out the monitoring tasks expected of them. Originality/value ? This paper makes an important contribution by employing SNA to illustrate interlocking directorates and the positions of powerful and influential actors. Examining networks of directors from a ?social capital? point of view also provides an understanding of why the role of independent directors remains toothless in family-dominated corporations

Modelling and measuring production of Korean universities : knowledge production function and scientific collaboration

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2014. 8. 이정동.본 연구는 지식 생산의 과정을 탐구하는 데 그 목적을 가진다. 이를 위해 과학계량학적 관점, 계량경제학적 방법론, 사회 연결망의 견해, 성장 이론의 생삼함수 접근법 등을 차용하였다. 이들을 종합적으로 이용하여 연구협력의 특성을 포함한 지식 생산 과정의 성격을 규명하는 데 치중하였다. 첫째로, 최상위 대학을 포함한 대학 간 협력이 영향력 높은 학술지 논문을 생산함을 설명하였다. 또한 우수 대학들은 하위 대학들과의 협력 시 영향력에 있어 손해를 보는 반면, 하위 파트너들은 협력을 통한 영향력 이득을 취함을 밝혔다. 한국 대학들은 같은 층위의 대학들과 협력하지 않는 경향성을 보였다. 둘째로, 공저자 행위와 같은 상호 관계를 연구하는 데 적합한 사회연결망분석(SNA)을 사용하여 한국 대학들로 구성된 연구협력망 내에서의 구조 관계를 그려냈다. 이러한 목적으로 국내 비 대학 기관들과 외국 기관들을 묶어 대학 외부라 정의하고, 이를 대학 내부와 구분지어 비교하였다. 그런 다음 한국 학계의 학술지 공저자 연결망 내에서의 구조 관계를 조사하기 위한 연결망 그림을 완성하였다. 셋째로, 학술지 생산 과정에서의 협력적 특성을 고려한 지식생산함수의 모형을 개발하였다. 대학의 입장에서 바라보면 연구 활동이 대학의 내부뿐 아니라 외부에서도 영향을 받는다는 가정 하에 지식의 생산 과정을 모형화 하였다. 세부적으로, 학술지 단위의 연구개발 투자수익을 결과로 제공하는 지식생산함수를 대학 간 스필오버 및 미국 발 스필오버의 두 가지 스필오버 효과를 포함하여 확장하였다. 실증분석의 결과, 한국 대학의 지식 생산 과정에서 스필오버 효과는 실존하며 연구협력과 관계가 깊은 것으로 드러났다. 또한 연구개발의 투자수익에 비해 상대적으로 스필오버 효과가 작게 나타난 것은 국내 대학들의 협력이 양적·질적으로 부족한 현실을 반영한 것이라 볼 수 있기에 연구협력을 유도하는 다양한 정책이 필요한 실정이라 할 수 있겠다.This study explores the nature of the knowledge production process. For this purpose, we exploit the scientometric perspective, econometric methods, social network standpoint, and production function approach derived from the endogenous growth theory. All of them combine to help us better understand the nature of the knowledge production process, with a focus on scientific collaboration. First, we demonstrated that multi-university collaboration produces higher-impact articles when it includes a top-tier university. It is also found that elite universities experience impact degradation of their scientific results when they collaborate with lower-tier institutions, whereas their lower-tier partners gain impact benefits from the same collaboration. We also revealed that Korean universities are unlikely to work with other universities from the same tier. Second, we performed social network analysis (SNA), which is appropriate for examining interactive relationships such as co- authorships, to depict structural relations within the scientific collaboration networks of Korean universities. We defined the external world as the coupling of domestic non-university institutions with organizations from foreign countries, separating them from the university world. Then, we have drawn a bigger picture to investigate structural relationships in scientific co-authorship networks for Korean academia. Third, we developed a model of knowledge production function, embedding a better understanding of the collaborative characteristics in the scientific production process. The analysis was undertaken from a university world perspective, based on the hypothesis that universities should be affected by both the inside and the outside of the university world. It provided an assessment of the scientific returns to investment in university research, particularly considering the existence and characteristics of two spillover effects: One is cross- university, and the other is from the US. The results implicate that spillover effect has a real existence and a deep relation with scientific collaboration, while this effect is weaker than the influence of research and development (R&D) expenditures on scientific results. The small spillover effect requires either much greater collaboration or improving the efficiency of co-operation.Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Science Economics.................................................................... 1 1.2 Universities as Engines of Knowledge Economy ..................... 1 1.3 Science as an Output ................................................................. 2 1.4 Outline....................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2. Conceptual Framework .................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4 2.2 Returns to R&D......................................................................... 5 2.3 Science and Technology Studies ............................................... 8 Chapter 3. Scientific Impact and Partner Selection ......................... 13 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 13 3.2 Data and Methodology ............................................................ 20 3.3 Empirical Results .................................................................... 28 3.4 Conclusion............................................................................... 42 Chapter 4. Social Structure of Scientific Network........................... 44 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 44 4.2 Data and Methodology ............................................................ 47 4.3 Network Development and Divided Network ......................... 52 4.4 Structure of Scientific Network............................................... 58 4.5 Relating Node Characteristics to Scientific Production .......... 67 4.6 Conclusion: Partner selection strategy for more scientific production ............................................................................... 73 Chapter 5. Knowledge Production Function for Korean University 75 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 75 5.2 Data ......................................................................................... 78 5.3 Methodology ........................................................................... 88 5.4 Empirical Results .................................................................... 99 5.5 Conclusion............................................................................. 113 Chapter 6. Conclusion.................................................................... 116 6.1 Summary of Results .............................................................. 116 6.2Implications........................................................................... 118 6.3 Contribution and Limitation .................................................. 120 Bibliography....................................................................................... 122 Appendix 1: Deriving the Basic Knowledge Production Function.... 136 Abstract (Korean)............................................................................... 138Docto

Winning virtuous strategy creation by interlocking interconnecting directors in boards of directors in firms in information century

The article presents an original research on 1) the information theory of the board of directors and 2) the strategy creation by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the boards of directors in the firms in an information century. We review the possible structures of the board of directors, and show that there are the interlocking directors networks in the boards of directors in a big number of firms. Researching the strategic governance of firms, we highlight a fact that the director makes the information sensing, filtering, processing, resonant absorption, analysis, decision making, hence it can be empirically represented as a digital signal processor with the Harvard or von Neumann director’s mindset architectures. We think that the board of directors can be theoretically represented as the electronically-scanned electronically-steered phased array radar with a certain number of active antenna elements, filters banks, digital signal processors, memory chipsets in agreement with the digital signal processing and business administration sciences. Using the theoretical assumptions, we formulate the Ledenyov theory on the winning virtuous strategies creation by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the boards of directors in the firms. We suggest that 1) the transmitted information data-stream measurements, 2) the information bit error rate measurements have to be used to accurately characterize the interlocking interlinking interconnecting directors networks in addition to the well known parameters such as the director’s boards seats accumulation number, centrality, Freeman degree, Betweenness. We believe that the positive and negative feedback loops can quite possibly lead to the destructive coordination among the directors by eliminating the randomness element and by introducing the greater uniformity in the pursuing business strategies. We developed the MicroID software program to compute the probability number of the additional directorship mandates issues

Quantum strategy synthesis by Alphabet Inc

We make the business at the time of great transition from the digital disruption to the quantum disruption, when the multiple quantum inventions in the natural/social sciences lead to the quantum leaps realization by the modern firms in the hi-tech industries in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption age. At this opportunities/challenges time period, a chairman of the board of directors must take a personal responsibility for the creation and execution of the quantum strategy - a most effective winning virtuous organizational strategy - toward the optimal business model design/discovery for the prosperous effective organization in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption century. The quantum strategy uses the quantum strategy search algorithm, applying the quantum logic (the probabilistic logic) on the top of the inductive, deductive and abductive logics (the value based logics) with the purpose to create the most effective optimal winning virtuous organizational strategy by the chairman of the board of directors with the interlocking interconnecting directors in the modern firms in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption time. We study the case on the quantum strategy formulation and execution by a chairmen of the boards of directors with the interlocking interconnecting directors in the modern firms such as Alphabet Inc, expressing a great confidence that the quantum strategies will continue to be implemented by the prosperous organizations to increase their valuations in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption century

Winning virtuous strategy creation by interlocking interconnecting directors in boards of directors in firms in information century

The article presents an original research on 1) the information theory of the board of directors and 2) the strategy creation by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the boards of directors in the firms in an information century. We review the possible structures of the board of directors, and show that there are the interlocking directors networks in the boards of directors in a big number of firms. Researching the strategic governance of firms, we highlight a fact that the director makes the information sensing, filtering, processing, resonant absorption, analysis, decision making, hence it can be empirically represented as a digital signal processor with the Harvard or von Neumann director’s mindset architectures. We think that the board of directors can be theoretically represented as the electronically-scanned electronically-steered phased array radar with a certain number of active antenna elements, filters banks, digital signal processors, memory chipsets in agreement with the digital signal processing and business administration sciences. Using the theoretical assumptions, we formulate the Ledenyov theory on the winning virtuous strategies creation by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the boards of directors in the firms. We suggest that 1) the transmitted information data-stream measurements, 2) the information bit error rate measurements have to be used to accurately characterize the interlocking interlinking interconnecting directors networks in addition to the well known parameters such as the director’s boards seats accumulation number, centrality, Freeman degree, Betweenness. We believe that the positive and negative feedback loops can quite possibly lead to the destructive coordination among the directors by eliminating the randomness element and by introducing the greater uniformity in the pursuing business strategies. We developed the MicroID software program to compute the probability number of the additional directorship mandates issues

Multivector strategy vs quantum strategy by Apple Inc

We propose that the quantum strategy can be considered as a most effective winning virtuous organizational strategy, allowing the board of directors to build a prosperous organization with the optimal business model in the economies of the scale and scopes at the time of the great opportunities and unexpected challenges by the globalization. We provide a concise definition on the quantum strategy: The organizational strategy, which can be derived with the use of the quantum strategy search algorithm by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the board of directors in the modern organization at the time of the global integration. We demonstrate that the quantum strategy search algorithm applies the quantum logic (the probabilistic logic) on the top of the inductive, deductive and abductive logics (the value based logics), aiming to create the most effective optimal winning virtuous organizational strategy by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the board of directors in the modern organization in the information century. We highlight the main existing differences between the multivector strategy (the multiple different strategies implementation at the selected time period) and the quantum strategy (the most effective optimal winning virtuous organizational strategy implementation at the selected time period), considering the real-life case study on the strategy formulation and execution by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the board of directors in the Apple Inc. We express a research opinion that the quantum strategy can be clearly defined/distinguished in line with the generally accepted scientific definitions/meanings/ principles in the quantum mechanics science. We think that the prosperous organizations will create and implement the quantum strategies to increase their valuations and outperform the competitors in the economies of the scales and scopes at the time of globalization

Quantum strategy synthesis by Alphabet Inc

We make the business at the time of great transition from the digital disruption to the quantum disruption, when the multiple quantum inventions in the natural/social sciences lead to the quantum leaps realization by the modern firms in the hi-tech industries in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption age. At this opportunities/challenges time period, a chairman of the board of directors must take a personal responsibility for the creation and execution of the quantum strategy - a most effective winning virtuous organizational strategy - toward the optimal business model design/discovery for the prosperous effective organization in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption century. The quantum strategy uses the quantum strategy search algorithm, applying the quantum logic (the probabilistic logic) on the top of the inductive, deductive and abductive logics (the value based logics) with the purpose to create the most effective optimal winning virtuous organizational strategy by the chairman of the board of directors with the interlocking interconnecting directors in the modern firms in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption time. We study the case on the quantum strategy formulation and execution by a chairmen of the boards of directors with the interlocking interconnecting directors in the modern firms such as Alphabet Inc, expressing a great confidence that the quantum strategies will continue to be implemented by the prosperous organizations to increase their valuations in the quantum creative economies of the scales and scopes in the quantum disruption century

Quantum strategy creation by interlocking interconnecting directors in boards of directors in modern organizations at time of globalization

The research explores a scientific problem on the quantum strategy creation and implementation by the interlocking interconnecting directors in the boards of directors in the modern organizations at the time of globalization, solving the winning virtuous strategy search, the most effective strategy selection and the organizational strategy optimization paradigms. We know that, having the different mindset architectures, the directors in the interlocking interconnecting directors networks in the boards of directors in the modern organizations complete the information sensing, filtering, processing, resonant absorption, analysis, strategy decision making processes with the aim to create and implement the most effective optimal winning virtuous organization development strategy, applying the early researched deductive, inductive and abductive logics. We propose that the new quantum strategy can be considered as a most effective optimal winning virtuous organizational strategy, allowing the board of directors to set a right direction vector toward the business development, to establish a necessary actions plan and to reach the sustainable business profitability goals in the economies of the scales and scopes. We explain that the quantum strategy can be formulated, going from: 1) the new quantum logic principles in the Copenhagen interpretation in the quantum mechanics science, 2) the deductive, inductive and abductive logics existing knowledge in the philosophy science, and 3) the modern strategy research findings in the business administration science. We think that the directors in the boards of directors in the complex organizations can implement the quantum strategies with the ultimate goal to build the prosperous organizations in the economies of the scale and scope at the time of the disruptive changes and opportunities by the globalization