The role of cross-layered designs in wireless body area network

With recent advancement, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) plays an important role to detect various diseases of a patient in advance and informs the medical team about the life threatening situation. WBAN comprises of small intelligent Biomedical sensors which are implanted inside patient body and attached on the surface of a patient to monitor different vital signs, namely; respiratory rate, ECG, EMG, temperature, blood pressure, glucose. The routing layer of WBAN has the same challenging problems as similarly faced in WSN but the unique challenge is the temperature-rise during monitoring of vital signs and data transmission. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC Superframe of WBAN is different from IEEE 802.15.4 MAC of WSN and provides channels to emergency and non-emergency data for transmission. As similarly seen in WSN, PHY layer of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 provide various modulation techniques for data transmission. The purpose of this study is to familiar with routing layer, MAC layer and PHY layer in the cross-layer design of WBA

Prioritization-based adaptive emergency traffic medium access control protocol for wireless body area networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) provide continuous monitoring of a patient by using heterogeneous Bio-Medical Sensor Nodes (BMSNs). WBANs pose unique constraints due to contention-based prioritized channel access, sporadic emergency traffic handling and emergency-based traffic adaptivity. In the existing medium access control protocols, the available contention-based prioritized channel access is incomplete due to the repetitions in backoff period ranges. The emergency traffic is considered based on traffic generation rate as well as sporadic emergency traffic that is not handled at multiple BMSNs during contention. In an emergency situation, non-emergency traffic is ignored, traffic is not adjusted dynamically with balanced throughput and energy consumption, and the energy of non-emergency traffic BMSNs is not preserved. In this research, prioritization-based adaptive emergency traffic Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol was designed to consider contention-based prioritized channel access for heterogenous BMSNs along with sporadic emergency traffic handling and dynamic adjustment of traffic in sporadic emergency situation. Firstly, a Traffic Class Prioritization based slotted-CSMA/CA (TCP-CSMA/CA) scheme was developed to provide contention-based prioritized channel access by removing repetitions in backoff period ranges. Secondly, an emergency Traffic Class Provisioning based slotted-CSMA/CA (ETCP-CSMA/CA) scheme was presented to deliver the sporadic emergency traffic instantaneously that occurs either at a single BMSN or multiple BMSNs, with minimum delay and packet loss without ignoring non-emergency traffic. Finally, an emergency-based Traffic Adaptive slotted-CSMA/CA (ETA-CSMA/CA) scheme provided dynamic adjustment of traffic to accommodate the variations in heterogeneous traffic rates along with energy preservation of non-emergency traffic BMSNs, creating a balance between throughput and energy in the sporadic emergency situation. Performance comparison was conducted by simulation using NS-2 and the results revealed that the proposed schemes were better than ATLAS, PLA-MAC, eMC-MAC and PG-MAC protocols. The least improved performances were in terms of packet delivery delay 10%, throughput 14%, packet delivery ratio 21%, packet loss ratio 28% and energy consumption 37%. In conclusion, the prioritization-based adaptive emergency traffic MAC protocol outperformed the existing protocols

Kablosuz vücut alan ağları için servis kalitesi destekli yeni bir ortam erişim kontrol protokolü

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Kablosuz Vücut Alan Ağları (KVAA) kişisel alanda kullanılan, kablosuz ortamda haberleşen, algılayıcı düğümlerin oluşturduğu ağ modeli olarak tanımlanmaktadır. KVAA'lar medikal uygulamalar başta olmak üzere çok yaygın kullanım alanına sahiptir. Özellikle medikal uygulamalardaki verilerin hayati önem taşımasından dolayı KVAA'larda servis kalitesini sağlamak önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu yüzden KVAA'larda servis kalitesi üzerine birçok çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatürdeki yapılan çalışmaların en büyük eksikliği, bir standarda sahip olmadıklarından dolayı farklı çalışma parametrelerine sahip olmalarıdır. Değişik çalışmaların ortak bir standart ile düzenlenmesi ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu probleme çözüm bulmak amacıyla, tez çalışmasında kişisel sağlık bilgisinin standardını tanımlayan, ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) & IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) gibi dünyanın en önemli iki kurumunun desteklediği ISO/IEEE 11073 standardını esas alan bir Ortam Erişim Kontrol (OEK) protokolü geliştirilmiştir. Tez çalışmasında, önerilen OEK protokolünün tasarımında ISO/IEEE 11073 standartlarına göre servis kalitesi desteğini sağlamak amacıyla katmanlararası mimariden yararlanılmıştır. Önerilen tez çalışmasında servis kalitesi sağlamak amacıyla yeni bir zaman-dilimi tahsis şeması, öncelik mekanizması, kabul kontrol mekanizması ve katmanlararası yapı geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen OEK protokolünün modellenmesi ve benzetimi OPNET Modeler yazılımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Önerilen OEK protokolü, IEEE 802.15.4 ve IEEE 802.15.6 gibi standart haline gelmiş protokoller ve yakın zamanda literatürde sunulan çalışmalar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmelere göre, geliştirilen OEK protokolünü diğer protokollerden uçtan-uca gecikmeye göre 5-6 kat daha az gecikme, 3-4 kata kadar daha yüksek iş çıkarma oranı elde edilmiştir ve %0.0001 paket kayıp oranı başarısı sağlanmıştır.Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are defined as network model that consisting of the sensor nodes, communicating wirelessly and used in personal area. WBANs have a very widespread usage area in medical applications principally. Especially, supporting Quality of Service (QoS) has become an important issue in WBANs because of the vital importance of data in medical applications. Therefore, many studies were performed on the QoS in WBANs. The most lack of the studies in literature is having different operating parameters due to the absence of any standard. The requirement of standardization for various studies has emerged. In order to find out a solution to this problem, we present a ISO/IEEE 11073-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in this thesis that standard is supporting by two large associations as ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) & IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and defines standard of personal health information. In this thesis, the proposed MAC protocol utilizes a cross-layer architecture due to support QoS according to ISO/IEEE 11073 standard. In order to provide QoS, a new slot allocation scheme, a priority mechanism, an admission control mechanism and a cross-layer architecture are developed in the proposed thesis. The developed MAC protocol has been modelled and simulated by OPNET Modeler software. The proposed MAC protocol is compared to the standard technologies of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6, and recent protocols that is presented in the literature. According to the evaluations, the developed MAC protocol has better results for end-to-end delay is about 5-6 times lower latency, 3-4 times higher throughput then other protocols and achieves %0.0001 packet loss ratio