A novel semi-fragile forensic watermarking scheme for remote sensing images

Peer-reviewedA semi-fragile watermarking scheme for multiple band images is presented. We propose to embed a mark into remote sensing images applying a tree structured vector quantization approach to the pixel signatures, instead of processing each band separately. The signature of themmultispectral or hyperspectral image is used to embed the mark in it order to detect any significant modification of the original image. The image is segmented into threedimensional blocks and a tree structured vector quantizer is built for each block. These trees are manipulated using an iterative algorithm until the resulting block satisfies a required criterion which establishes the embedded mark. The method is shown to be able to preserve the mark under lossy compression (above a given threshold) but, at the same time, it detects possibly forged blocks and their position in the whole image.Se presenta un esquema de marcas de agua semi-frágiles para múltiples imágenes de banda. Proponemos incorporar una marca en imágenes de detección remota, aplicando un enfoque de cuantización del vector de árbol estructurado con las definiciones de píxel, en lugar de procesar cada banda por separado. La firma de la imagen hiperespectral se utiliza para insertar la marca en el mismo orden para detectar cualquier modificación significativa de la imagen original. La imagen es segmentada en bloques tridimensionales y un cuantificador de vector de estructura de árbol se construye para cada bloque. Estos árboles son manipulados utilizando un algoritmo iteractivo hasta que el bloque resultante satisface un criterio necesario que establece la marca incrustada. El método se muestra para poder preservar la marca bajo compresión con pérdida (por encima de un umbral establecido) pero, al mismo tiempo, detecta posiblemente bloques forjados y su posición en la imagen entera.Es presenta un esquema de marques d'aigua semi-fràgils per a múltiples imatges de banda. Proposem incorporar una marca en imatges de detecció remota, aplicant un enfocament de quantització del vector d'arbre estructurat amb les definicions de píxel, en lloc de processar cada banda per separat. La signatura de la imatge hiperespectral s'utilitza per inserir la marca en el mateix ordre per detectar qualsevol modificació significativa de la imatge original. La imatge és segmentada en blocs tridimensionals i un quantificador de vector d'estructura d'arbre es construeix per a cada bloc. Aquests arbres són manipulats utilitzant un algoritme iteractiu fins que el bloc resultant satisfà un criteri necessari que estableix la marca incrustada. El mètode es mostra per poder preservar la marca sota compressió amb pèrdua (per sobre d'un llindar establert) però, al mateix temps, detecta possiblement blocs forjats i la seva posició en la imatge sencera

Dual Image Watermarking Based On Human Visual Characteristics For Authentication And Copyright Protection

Nowadays, multimedia content like images are easily to be distributed globally because of the widespread usage of information and communication technologies. Digital watermarking is an approach to prevent attacks or modification on images that might lead to serious problems like spreading of fake news, image piracy and illegal distribution of images. This research presents a novel Dual Image Watermarking scheme based on human visual characteristics for authentication and copyright protection. The objective of this proposed scheme is to develop an enhanced watermarking algorithm that achieves high imperceptibility and robustness by leveraging the principles of human visual system characteristics. The scheme aims to embed two watermarks into an image with minimal distortion, rendering them imperceptible to the human eye. Furthermore, the watermarks can be extracted accurately even after image processing attacks such as Gaussian noise or salt and pepper noise. Additionally, the scheme demonstrates efficient tamper localization, enabling the detection of modifications made to the original image with high accuracy, precision, and F1-score. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, showcasing superior performance in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and tamper localization compared to existing watermarking schemes subjected to the same attacks. The scheme's ability to embed undetectable watermarks ensures copyright protection and authenticity verification, while its robustness against various image processing attacks enhances its practicality in real-world scenarios. In conclusion, the proposed Dual Image Watermarking scheme based on human visual characteristics provides an effective solution for authentication and copyright protection. By ensuring imperceptibility, robustness, and tamper localization, the scheme offers a reliable approach for securing digital multimedia content in the era of widespread information distribution and technological advancements