2,061 research outputs found
Critical Foundations of the Contextual Theory of Mind
The contextual mind is found attested in various usages of the term complement, in the background of Kant. The difficulties of Kant's intuitionism are taken up through Quine, but referential opacity is resolved as semantic presence in lived context. A further critique of rationalist linguistics is developed from Jakobson, showing generic functions in thought supporting abstraction, binding and thereby semantic categories. Thus Bolzano's influential philosophy of mathematics and science gives way to a critical view of the ancient heritage acknowledged by Plato.\ud
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Computer Simulations in Science and Engineering. Concept, Practices, Perspectives
This book addresses key conceptual issues relating to the modern scientific and engineering use of computer simulations. It analyses a broad set of questions, from the nature of computer simulations to their epistemological power, including the many scientific, social and ethics implications of using computer simulations. The book is written in an easily accessible narrative, one that weaves together philosophical questions and scientific technicalities. It will thus appeal equally to all academic scientists, engineers, and researchers in industry interested in questions related to the general practice of computer simulations
Learning to detect chest radiographs containing lung nodules using visual attention networks
Machine learning approaches hold great potential for the automated detection
of lung nodules in chest radiographs, but training the algorithms requires vary
large amounts of manually annotated images, which are difficult to obtain. Weak
labels indicating whether a radiograph is likely to contain pulmonary nodules
are typically easier to obtain at scale by parsing historical free-text
radiological reports associated to the radiographs. Using a repositotory of
over 700,000 chest radiographs, in this study we demonstrate that promising
nodule detection performance can be achieved using weak labels through
convolutional neural networks for radiograph classification. We propose two
network architectures for the classification of images likely to contain
pulmonary nodules using both weak labels and manually-delineated bounding
boxes, when these are available. Annotated nodules are used at training time to
deliver a visual attention mechanism informing the model about its localisation
performance. The first architecture extracts saliency maps from high-level
convolutional layers and compares the estimated position of a nodule against
the ground truth, when this is available. A corresponding localisation error is
then back-propagated along with the softmax classification error. The second
approach consists of a recurrent attention model that learns to observe a short
sequence of smaller image portions through reinforcement learning. When a
nodule annotation is available at training time, the reward function is
modified accordingly so that exploring portions of the radiographs away from a
nodule incurs a larger penalty. Our empirical results demonstrate the potential
advantages of these architectures in comparison to competing methodologies
Information Technologies and Social Media: New Scientific Methods for the Anthropocene
The development of technology during the Anthropocene has affected science and the ways of “doing science”. Nowadays, new technologies help scientists of several disciplines by facilitating knowledge and how to manage it, but also allow for collaborative science, the so-called “Social Science”, where everyone can be a scientist and be involved in providing data and knowledge by using a computer or a smartphone without being a specialist. But is it really that simple? Actually, the daily and integrated use of different digital technologies and sharing platforms, such as social media, requires important reflections. Such reflections can lead to a rethinking of epistemologies and scientific paradigms, both in human geography and social sciences. This volume titled “Information Technologies and Social Media: New Scientific Methods for the Anthropocene” includes 10 chapters exploring some changes related to the way to do science with a multidisciplinary approach. From classroom experiences to the use of Citizen Science, from Artificial Intelligence use to how Social Media can help researchers, the book reflects on the ICT influence during the last few decades, exploring different cases, complementary perspectives and point of views
many faces, many places (Term21)
UIDB/03213/2020
UIDP/03213/2020publishersversionpublishe
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