Solving the MANET Routing Problem using Ant Colony Algorithm

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a collection of mobile nodes communicating wirelessly without a centralized infrastructure. The biggest challenge in MANETs is to find a path between communicating nodes, that is, the MANET routing problem. The considerations of the MANET environment and the nature of the mobile nodes create further complications which results in the need to develop special routing algorithms to meet these challenges. Swarm Intelligence, a bio-inspired technique, which has proven to be very adaptable in other problem domains, has been applied to the MANET routing problem as it forms a good fit to the problem. In this thesis, a study of Ant Colony based routing algorithms is carried out taking into consideration two of the most popular algorithms Ant based algorithms, AntHocNet and the Ant Routing Algorithm (ARA). A thorough analyis of ARA is carried out based on the effect of its individual routing mechanisms on its routing efficacy. The original ARA algorithm, although finds the shortest path between source and destination, is observed to not be competitive against other MANET algorithms such as AODV in performance criteria. Based on the analysis performed, modifications are proposed to the ARA algorithm. Finally, a performance evaluation of the original ARA and the modified ARA is carried out with respect to each other, and with respect to AODV, a state of the art MANET routing algorithm vis-a-vis mobility criteria. The motivation behind the thesis is to realize application of MANETs in real world applications by solving the problem of routing

Performance Analysis and Comparison of Multiple Routing Protocols in a Large-Area, High Speed Mobile Node Ad Hoc Network

The U.S. Air Force is interested in developing a standard ad hoc framework using heavy aircraft to route data across large regions. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) has the potential to provide seamless large-scale routing for DOD under the Joint Tactical Radio System program. The goal of this study is to determine if there is a difference between routing protocol performance when operating in a large-area MANET with high-speed mobile nodes. This study analyzes MANET performance when using reactive, proactive, and hybrid routing protocols, specifically AODV, DYMO, Fisheye, and ZRP. This analysis compares the performance of the four routing protocols under the same MANET conditions. Average end-to-end delay, number of packets received, and throughput are the performance metrics used. Reactive protocol performance is better than hybrid and proactive protocol performance in each metric. Average ETE delays are lower using AODV (1.17 secs) and DYMO (2.14 secs) than ZRP (201.9 secs) or Fisheye (169.7 secs). Number of packets received is higher using AODV (531.6) and DYMO (670.2) than ZRP (267.3) or Fisheye (186.3). Throughput is higher using AODV (66,500 bps) and DYMO (87,577 bps) than ZRP (33,659 bps) or Fisheye (23,630bps). The benefits of ZRP and Fisheye are not able to be taken advantage of in the MANET configurations modeled in this research using a heavy aircraft ad hoc framework

Cost Optimization Approach for MANET using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper present the approach require to increase the QoS of MANET network using particle swarm optimization algorithm. To improve data communication between two nodes we propose an efficient algorithm for AODV protocol using PSO where instead of suppling all default parameter with default value of AODV protocol we try to provide selective parameters with optimum value so that overall requirement of control packet get decrease that in turn result in to increase quality of service parameters of MANET. For the enhancement of reliability and reduction of cost, node speed control mechanism is implemented using PSO, The given method which is use for simulation, reduces the overall loss of data and also make transmission effective. We have also tested the performance of network by changing data rates and the speed of the node

Geo-location oriented routing protocol for smart dynamic mesh network

© 2016 IEEE. Wireless Mesh Network is an emerging technology with great potential to become a Self-Sustained Network. Unlike the traditional networks that dominate the current communication system and rely on a large and expensive setup of wired/wireless access points to provide connection between users, the Wireless Mesh Network is formed by the user devices (referred as Nodes) which connect to each other to form a network. However, due to the use of legacy/traditional network models for mesh networks, there exist various limitations towards its implementation. This paper presents a new approach towards the Wireless Mesh Network, incorporating a new routing scheme based on the Geo-Location of the devices. It puts forward the structure, working principle and its performance during the first implementation

Exploratory study to explore the role of ICT in the process of knowledge management in an Indian business environment

In the 21st century and the emergence of a digital economy, knowledge and the knowledge base economy are rapidly growing. To effectively be able to understand the processes involved in the creating, managing and sharing of knowledge management in the business environment is critical to the success of an organization. This study builds on the previous research of the authors on the enablers of knowledge management by identifying the relationship between the enablers of knowledge management and the role played by information communication technologies (ICT) and ICT infrastructure in a business setting. This paper provides the findings of a survey collected from the four major Indian cities (Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Villupuram) regarding their views and opinions about the enablers of knowledge management in business setting. A total of 80 organizations participated in the study with 100 participants in each city. The results show that ICT and ICT infrastructure can play a critical role in the creating, managing and sharing of knowledge in an Indian business environment

The Modified Secure AODV Routing Protocol for Black Hole Attack in Manet

Mobile Adhoc Network is gathering of portable nodes which are actively structuring a momentary network without utilizing any pre accessible network infrastructure or central management. Each node in MANET not only provides as a specific terminal but also performs as a router to form a route. While a source node plans to send data to an intended node, packets are moved from the middle nodes. An Adhoc routing protocol is a classical method that supervises how nodes opt any route and in which manner they have to route packets among computing devices in a MANET. Because of different factors with lack of infrastructure, deficiency of already established trust relationship among the various nodes and dynamic topology, the MANET routing protocols are weak to different routing attacks. In contrast to conventional wired networks, such type attacks are executed simply in MANET because of the unsupervised entrance to the wireless medium. The malicious exploitation of various routing information results in the diffusion of wrong routing information which could eventually guide to network failure. One of these attacks in the existing wireless routing protocol like Ad-hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol is the Black Hole Attack against network truthfulness. In this attack, the data packets doesn’t arrive at the destination node, thus data loss happens. There is number of detection and protection methods to reduce the intruder that achieve the black hole attack. Therefore, this paper proposes Modified Secure AODV routing protocols (MSAODV) found on threshold evaluation and cryptographic verification. In this paper, the black hole attack and the proposed MSAODV protocols are simulated in the Network Simulator NS-2 under different MANET circumstances and their performances are evaluated on various parameters like Packet drop ratio, routing overload, throughput etc. Keywords: AODV, Black hole, gray hole, worm hole attack, MANET, AOMD

Survey on Encroachment Sensing Scheme over the MANET

MANET (Mobile ad hoc network) is a collection of mobile nodes which dynamically self-organizes in erratic and transitory network topologies. Nodes in MANET can move autonomously in any direction and continuously changing the topology over the period. Each single node works evenly as a source and a recipient. MANET are more inclined towards security issues due to open medium and wide distribution of mobile nodes. It is vital to construct effective intrusion detection processes to preserve MANET from attacks. This paper introduces the various IDS schemes over MANETs, their pros and cons. This paper will be valuable to classify the suitable IDS scheme for a particular attack. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.16048

Multi-Objective Routing Optimization for Multiple Level Priority and Preemption in Multi-Tiered Networks

This thesis explores techniques for improving the Quality of Service (QoS) driven routing of IP traffic in a Network Centric Military Communications System within an HC3 (High Capacity Communications Capability) tiered topology. In this specialized network various routing algorithms, including traditional, QoS-constrained search-based, and heuristic approaches, were evaluated. An automatic system for the probabilistic generation of appropriate networks and traffic was created for Monte Carlo simulation of the systems and testing of the various routing algorithms. A new algorithm we propose, based upon a hiercharical decomposition of routes about the minimum distance routes, is described and tested. These results provide both insight into this problem and demonstrate the possibility of highly optimized solutions without exhaustive search