2 research outputs found
First impressions of operating system styles affect usability
The patterns of behaviour that people develop to work successfully with complex information technology are likely themselves to be complex. The beginning of interface style followed this train of thought in developing the Command Line Interface, complex to develop and complex in its use. However, in recent yearsâ information system interface design has become increasingly dominated by the use of Graphical User Interfaces, with the majority of systems relying on a Microsoft Windows based structure. This study attempts to find out how the two different interface styles, would affect how novice users use them when given a word processing task. The study was conducted using two interfaces based on a graphical style, and two command line type operating systems. The study examined how quickly the participants performed the task on the different interface styles, and used questionnaires to gather the quantitative findings. Preference versus performance was studied and the findings are consistent with what other researchers have found. The results indicate that better usability may not mean better performance.UnpublishedACM SIGCHI (2004) ACMâs Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction Retrieved on July 29 2004 from http://www.acm.org/sigchi/.
Afinogenov, G. (2003). âGUI vs. CLI: A Qualitative Comparisonâ. Retrieved September 15 2004 from http://www.osnews.com/story. php?news_id=44 1 8
Andre, A.D., and Wickens, C.D. (1990). âWhen Users Want Whats Not Best for Them.â In Ergonomics in Design, (October), pp. 10-14.
Anderson, J. R. (1982). âAcquisition of cognitive skill.â In Psychological Review, Vol. 89, pp. 369406.
Approved LPI Glossary (2000). Retrieved August 25 2004 from http://www.piensa.com/lpi/p-glossary.html
Aprile, L. (2004). TeachingC1O. Retrieved April 29 2004 from http://zope.interaction-ivrea.it/inflatedegolTeachingC10.htm
Bereiter, C., and Scardamalia, M. (1993). Surpassing ourselves: an inquiry into the nature and implications of expertise. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Buckleitner, W., and Estabrook, N. (1994). âComputer Interfaces: Inquiry and Implications.â Michigan State University.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., and Ross, M. (1994). âExploring the âplanning fallacyâ: Why people underestimate their task completion times.â Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 366-381.
Card, S.K., Moran, T. and Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Cushman, W. H. and Crist, B. (1987). âIlluminationâ. In G. Salevendy (Ed.) Handbook of Human Factors. Pp. 670-695. New York: Wiley.
Davies, S.P. (1989). âThe Nature and Development of Programming Plansâ. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies Vol 32. pp461-481
Davis, S.P. and Bostrom, J. (1993). An Analysis and Evaluation of Computer-Related Training Techniques. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press
DeVinney, T. (1997). Aliens Guide to Human Psychology. Retrieved 1 September 2004 from http://www.tdev.dircon.co.uk/glossary.htm
Dunsmore, H.E. (1982). âUsing Formal Grammars to Predict the Most Useful Characteristics of Interactive Systems.â In Office Automation Conference Digest, pp. 53-56.Sans Francisco.
Durham, A.,G. and Emurian, H.,H. (1990) âLearning and Retention with a Menu and Command Line Interface.â In Computers in Human Behaviour. Vol. 14, Iss. 4. pp. 597-620.
Eberts, R.E. (1994). User Interface Design. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Eberts, R.E., and Bittianda, K.P., (1993). âPreferred mental models for direct manipulation and command-based interfacesâ. In International Journal of Man Machine Studies, Vol. 38, Iss. 5. pp.769-786.
English, W. K., Engelbart, D. C., and Berman, M. L. (1967). âDisplay-selection techniques for text manipulation.â In IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Vol. 8, Iss. 1. pp. 515.
Frese, M., Schulte-Gocking, H., and Altmann, A, (1987). Direct Manipulation Vs. Conventional Interaction. Frese, Schulte-Gocking and Altman (1987) Cited in Ziegler and Fahnrich (1988).
Frohlich, D. M. (1997). âDirect manipulation and other lessons.â In M. Helander & T. K. Landauer & P. Prabhu (Eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd ed), pp. 463-488. New York: Elsevier.
Galitz, W.O. (1993) User Interface Screen Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Glossary Online (2004). Retrieved August 25 2004 from www.eupen.com/glossary/glossarycable.html.
Gong, Q., and Salvendy, G. (1995). âAn approach to the design of a skill adaptive interface.â International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 7,Iss. 3. pp. 365-383.
Grandjean, E. (1987). âDesign of VDT Workstationsâ. In G. Salevendy (Ed.) Handbook of Human Factors. pp. 1359-1397. New York: Wiley.
Greene, S. L., Gould, J. D., Boies, S. J., Rasamny, M., and Meluson, A. (1992). âEntry and selectionbased methods of human-computer interaction.â In Human Factors, Vol. 34, Iss.1 pp. 97-113.
Hanson, S.J., Kraut, R.E., and Farber, J.M. (1994). âInterface Design and Multivariate Analysis of Unix Command Useâ. In ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems Vol. 2. Iss. 1. pp. 42-57.
Hauptmann, A. G., and Green, B. F. (1983). âA comparison of command, menu-selection, and natural language programs.â In Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 2, Iss. 2. pp. 163-178.
Hinds, P (1998). âWho Should Design for Novice Users? A Study of Expertsâ Limitations in Predicting Novicesâ Experienceâ. In Integrated Solutions LaboratoryHPL98-136, pp. 2-14.
Hutchins, E.L., Hollan, J.D., and Norman, D.A. (1986). âDirect manipulation interfaces.â In D.A. Norman and S.W. Draper (eds.) User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 87-124. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Jefferson, S. (2002). âBeyond the Keyboard and Mouseâ. In Infoworld, Vol. 22. Iss. 44. p. 51.
Jordan, P.W., (1992). âClaims for direct Manipulation interfaces investigated.â In Industrial Management and Data Systems. pp. 3-6.
Joseph, B., Steinberg, E. R., and Jones, A. R. (1989). âUser perceptions and expectations of an information retrieval system.â In Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 8, Iss. 2. pp. 77-88.
Kacmar, CJ., (1989). âAn experimental comparison of text and icon menu formats.â Working paper, Texas A&M University, Department of Computer Science.
Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A., (1979). âIntuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures.â In Choices, values, and frames, pp. 414-430.
Kernighan, B. (2002). The Unix Programming Environment. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Kissel, G.V. (2001). âThe Effect of Computer Experience on Subjective and Objective Software Usability Measuresâ. In ACM CHI Proceedings 2001.
Kolodner, J.L., (1983). âTowards an understanding of the role of experience in the evolution from novice to expert.â International Study of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 19, Iss. 6. pp. 497-518.
Kozma, R. B., and Russell, J. (1997). âMultimedia and understanding: Expert and novice responses to different representations of chemical phenomena.â In Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 34, Iss. 9. pp. 949-968.
Langer, E. J. and Imber, L. G. (1979). âWhen practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of over learning.â In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 37, Iss. 11. pp.2014-2024.
Lansdale, M. W. and Ormrod T.C.(1994) Understanding Interfaces: A Handbook of Human-Computer Dialogue. London: Academic Press.
Larkin, J. and Simon, H. (1987) âWhy a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words.â In Cognitive Science, Vol. 11, Iss.2. pp. 65-99.
Leedy, P.D. and Orrnrod, J.E. (2001).Practical Research: Planning and Design. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall
Liu, Y. (1997). âSoftware-user interface designâ. In G. Salvendy (Ed.). Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. pp. 1698-1724. New York: Wiley.
Luhman, J. (1999). Creativity: Mac vs. Win. Retrieved 29 April 2004 from www.skypoint.com/members/jluhman/creative.htm.
MacLean, A., Barnard, P.J., and Wilson, M.D. (1985). âEvaluating the human interface of a data entry system: User choice and performance measures yield different trade-off functions.â In People and Computers: Designing the Interface, Vol. 5 Iss. 7 pp. 45-61.
Manes, S. (2000). âThe curse of user-hostile designâ. In PC World, Vol. 18. Iss. 11. p. 284.
Margano, S. and Schneiderman, B., (1987). âA Study of File Manipulation by Novices Using Commands vs. Direct Manipulation.â In 26th Annual Technical Symposium, Washington D.C. Chapter of ACM, pp. 57-62.
Meloche, J.,A. (2000) âQ Methodology as a Research Methodology for Human Computer Interactionâ School of Information Studies, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga. Australia. Retrieved 20 September 2004 from http://www.csu.edu.au/OZCHI99/short_papers/Meloche.doc
Merchant, S.(2002). âCustomizing the Human-Computer Interface to Compensate for Individual Cognitive Attitude: An Exploratory Studyâ, In Informing Science pp. 1043-1049.
Morgan, K., Morris, R.L., and Gibbs, S. (1991) âWhen does a mouse become a rat? orâŠComparing performance and preferences in direct manipulation and command line environments,â In The Computer Journal, Vol. 34, Iss.3. pp. 265-271.
Mynatt, E.D., and Edwards, W.K (1995). âMetaphors for nonvisual computing. In A.D.N. Edwards (Ed.) Extra-ordinary human computer Interaction: Interfaces for users with disabilities. pp. 201-220. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nickerson, R. S., Baddeley, A, and Freeman, B. (1987). âAre peopleâs estimates of what other people know influenced by what they themselves know?â In Acta Psychologica , Vol. 64, pp. 245259.
Nielsen, J. (1987). âA user interface case study of the Macintosh.â In Salvendy, G. (Ed.), Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems. pp. 241-248. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Nielsen, J. and Levy, J. (1994) âMeasuring Usability: Preference vs. Performance.â In Communications of the ACM Vol. 3, Iss. 4. pp. 66-75.
Nielsen, J., and Mack, R.L.(1994). Usability Inspection Methods, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Niven, B.(2004). Interview. [Interview with Brian Niven, 10 September, 2004].
Norman, D.A., (1986) âCognitive engineering.â In D.A Norman and S.W. Draper (eds.) User Centered Systems Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction. pp. 31-61. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
OâReilley Online Catalogue (1999). Retrieved August 25 2004 from http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/debian/chapter/book/glossary.html
Paap, KA, and Roske-Hofstrand, R. J. (1988). âDesign of menus.â In M. Helander (Ed.). In Handbook of human-computer interaction. pp. 205-235. New York: Elsevier.
Paige, J. M. and Simon, H. A (1966). âCognition processes in solving algebra word problemsâ. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem Solving, pp. 119-151. New York: Wiley.
Perry, T. S., and Voelcker, J. (1989). âOf mice and menus: designing the user-friendly interface.â In IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 26, Iss.9. pp. 46-51.
Rauterberg, M. (1996). âHow to Measure and to Quantify Usability Attributes of Man-Machine Interfaces.â In K Tanie (Ed. ) Proceedings 5th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication. pp. 262-267.
Rauterberg, M. (1998). âIntroduction into Human Computer Interactionâ pp. 3-30. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
Raymond, E.S. (2003). âTradeoffs between CLI and Visual Interfaces: Chapter 11â. In Art of Unix Programming. pp. 45-51. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Robertson, G.G., Card, S.K and MacKinlay, J.D. (1993). âInformation Visulization using 3D animation.â In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, Iss.2. pp. 81-83.
Rohr, G., & Keppel, E. (1984). âIconic interfaces: where to use and how to construct?â In Human factors in Organizational Design and Management: Proceedings of First Symposium, pp. 269-275. North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Rosson, M. B. (1983). âPatterns of experience in text editing.â In Proceedings of the CHI-83 conference on human factors in computing. pp. 171-175. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Santhanam, R., and Wiedenbeck, S. (1993). âNeither novice nor expert: The discretionary user of software.â In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 38, Iss. 2. pp. 201-229.
Schar, S. G. (1996). âThe influence of the user interface on solving well and ill-defined problems.â In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 44, Iss. 1. pp. 1-18.
Sekinger, S., (1997) Command Line Vs GUI OS Interfaces. Working Paper. University of British Columbia.
Schneiderman, B. (1982a) âThe Future of Interactive Systems and the Emergence of Direct Manipulation.â In Behaviour and Information Technology Vol I. pp237-256.
Shneiderman, B. (1982b). Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction.(2nd ed) Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Shneiderman, B. (1983). âDirect manipulation: A step beyond programming languages.â In IEEE Computer, Vol. 16,Iss. 8. pp. 57-69.
Shneiderman, B. (1998). Designing the user interface. MA: Addison Wesley.
Smith, D. (1998). âFaster is Better- A Business Case for Subsecond Response Timeâ. In Computerworld Vol 15. p130
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Svendsen, G.B., (1991). âThe influence of interface style on problem solving.â In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 35, Iss. 3. pp. 379-397.
Teâeni, D. (1990). âDirect Manipulation as a source of cognitive feedback: human-computer experiment with a judgement task.â In International Journal of Man Machine Studies, Vol. 33, Iss. 4. pp. 453-466.
Technical Forecasts Limited (2004) Retrieved August 252004 from http://www.tfl.biz/docs/glossary.html
Tognazzini, B. (1992) TOG on Interface, New York-Adison-Wesley.
Umanath, N.S., and Scamell, R.W. (1988). âAn experimental investigation of the impact of data display format on recall performance.â In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 31. pp. 562-570.
Unwin, A., and Hofmann. H. (2001). âGUI and Command Line- Conflict or Synergy?â In Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, Vol. 5, Iss.2, pp. 113-122.
W3Schools (2004) OS Platform Statistics retrieved 1 October 2004 from http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp
Whiteside, J., Jones, S., Levy, P.S, and Wixon, D. (1985). âUser Performance with Command, Menu and Iconic Interfacesâ. In ACM CHIâ85 Proceedings. Iss. April. pp. 185-191.
Wright, P. (1983). âManual Dexterity: A user oriented approach to creating computer documentation.â Human Factors in Computing Systems SIGCHI Bulletin, pp. 11-17.
Zanino, M.C., Prasad, J., Agarwal, R. (2001). Graphical user interfaces and ease of use: some myths examined. Proceedings of the 1994 computer personnel research conference on Reinventing IS : managing information technology in changing organizations: managing information technology in changing Alexandria, Virginia, United States.pp. 142 - 15
First impressions of operating system styles affect usability
The patterns of behaviour that people develop to work successfully with complex information technology are likely themselves to be complex. The beginning of interface style followed this train of thought in developing the Command Line Interface, complex to develop and complex in its use. However, in recent yearsâ information system interface design has become increasingly dominated by the use of Graphical User Interfaces, with the majority of systems relying on a Microsoft Windows based structure. This study attempts to find out how the two different interface styles, would affect how novice users use them when given a word processing task. The study was conducted using two interfaces based on a graphical style, and two command line type operating systems. The study examined how quickly the participants performed the task on the different interface styles, and used questionnaires to gather the quantitative findings. Preference versus performance was studied and the findings are consistent with what other researchers have found. The results indicate that better usability may not mean better performance.UnpublishedACM SIGCHI (2004) ACMâs Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction Retrieved on July 29 2004 from http://www.acm.org/sigchi/.
Afinogenov, G. (2003). âGUI vs. CLI: A Qualitative Comparisonâ. Retrieved September 15 2004 from http://www.osnews.com/story. php?news_id=44 1 8
Andre, A.D., and Wickens, C.D. (1990). âWhen Users Want Whats Not Best for Them.â In Ergonomics in Design, (October), pp. 10-14.
Anderson, J. R. (1982). âAcquisition of cognitive skill.â In Psychological Review, Vol. 89, pp. 369406.
Approved LPI Glossary (2000). Retrieved August 25 2004 from http://www.piensa.com/lpi/p-glossary.html
Aprile, L. (2004). TeachingC1O. Retrieved April 29 2004 from http://zope.interaction-ivrea.it/inflatedegolTeachingC10.htm
Bereiter, C., and Scardamalia, M. (1993). Surpassing ourselves: an inquiry into the nature and implications of expertise. Chicago, IL: Open Court.
Buckleitner, W., and Estabrook, N. (1994). âComputer Interfaces: Inquiry and Implications.â Michigan State University.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., and Ross, M. (1994). âExploring the âplanning fallacyâ: Why people underestimate their task completion times.â Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, pp. 366-381.
Card, S.K., Moran, T. and Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Cushman, W. H. and Crist, B. (1987). âIlluminationâ. In G. Salevendy (Ed.) Handbook of Human Factors. Pp. 670-695. New York: Wiley.
Davies, S.P. (1989). âThe Nature and Development of Programming Plansâ. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies Vol 32. pp461-481
Davis, S.P. and Bostrom, J. (1993). An Analysis and Evaluation of Computer-Related Training Techniques. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press
DeVinney, T. (1997). Aliens Guide to Human Psychology. Retrieved 1 September 2004 from http://www.tdev.dircon.co.uk/glossary.htm
Dunsmore, H.E. (1982). âUsing Formal Grammars to Predict the Most Useful Characteristics of Interactive Systems.â In Office Automation Conference Digest, pp. 53-56.Sans Francisco.
Durham, A.,G. and Emurian, H.,H. (1990) âLearning and Retention with a Menu and Command Line Interface.â In Computers in Human Behaviour. Vol. 14, Iss. 4. pp. 597-620.
Eberts, R.E. (1994). User Interface Design. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Eberts, R.E., and Bittianda, K.P., (1993). âPreferred mental models for direct manipulation and command-based interfacesâ. In International Journal of Man Machine Studies, Vol. 38, Iss. 5. pp.769-786.
English, W. K., Engelbart, D. C., and Berman, M. L. (1967). âDisplay-selection techniques for text manipulation.â In IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, Vol. 8, Iss. 1. pp. 515.
Frese, M., Schulte-Gocking, H., and Altmann, A, (1987). Direct Manipulation Vs. Conventional Interaction. Frese, Schulte-Gocking and Altman (1987) Cited in Ziegler and Fahnrich (1988).
Frohlich, D. M. (1997). âDirect manipulation and other lessons.â In M. Helander & T. K. Landauer & P. Prabhu (Eds.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd ed), pp. 463-488. New York: Elsevier.
Galitz, W.O. (1993) User Interface Screen Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Glossary Online (2004). Retrieved August 25 2004 from www.eupen.com/glossary/glossarycable.html.
Gong, Q., and Salvendy, G. (1995). âAn approach to the design of a skill adaptive interface.â International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 7,Iss. 3. pp. 365-383.
Grandjean, E. (1987). âDesign of VDT Workstationsâ. In G. Salevendy (Ed.) Handbook of Human Factors. pp. 1359-1397. New York: Wiley.
Greene, S. L., Gould, J. D., Boies, S. J., Rasamny, M., and Meluson, A. (1992). âEntry and selectionbased methods of human-computer interaction.â In Human Factors, Vol. 34, Iss.1 pp. 97-113.
Hanson, S.J., Kraut, R.E., and Farber, J.M. (1994). âInterface Design and Multivariate Analysis of Unix Command Useâ. In ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems Vol. 2. Iss. 1. pp. 42-57.
Hauptmann, A. G., and Green, B. F. (1983). âA comparison of command, menu-selection, and natural language programs.â In Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 2, Iss. 2. pp. 163-178.
Hinds, P (1998). âWho Should Design for Novice Users? A Study of Expertsâ Limitations in Predicting Novicesâ Experienceâ. In Integrated Solutions LaboratoryHPL98-136, pp. 2-14.
Hutchins, E.L., Hollan, J.D., and Norman, D.A. (1986). âDirect manipulation interfaces.â In D.A. Norman and S.W. Draper (eds.) User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 87-124. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Jefferson, S. (2002). âBeyond the Keyboard and Mouseâ. In Infoworld, Vol. 22. Iss. 44. p. 51.
Jordan, P.W., (1992). âClaims for direct Manipulation interfaces investigated.â In Industrial Management and Data Systems. pp. 3-6.
Joseph, B., Steinberg, E. R., and Jones, A. R. (1989). âUser perceptions and expectations of an information retrieval system.â In Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 8, Iss. 2. pp. 77-88.
Kacmar, CJ., (1989). âAn experimental comparison of text and icon menu formats.â Working paper, Texas A&M University, Department of Computer Science.
Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A., (1979). âIntuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures.â In Choices, values, and frames, pp. 414-430.
Kernighan, B. (2002). The Unix Programming Environment. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Kissel, G.V. (2001). âThe Effect of Computer Experience on Subjective and Objective Software Usability Measuresâ. In ACM CHI Proceedings 2001.
Kolodner, J.L., (1983). âTowards an understanding of the role of experience in the evolution from novice to expert.â International Study of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 19, Iss. 6. pp. 497-518.
Kozma, R. B., and Russell, J. (1997). âMultimedia and understanding: Expert and novice responses to different representations of chemical phenomena.â In Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 34, Iss. 9. pp. 949-968.
Langer, E. J. and Imber, L. G. (1979). âWhen practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of over learning.â In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 37, Iss. 11. pp.2014-2024.
Lansdale, M. W. and Ormrod T.C.(1994) Understanding Interfaces: A Handbook of Human-Computer Dialogue. London: Academic Press.
Larkin, J. and Simon, H. (1987) âWhy a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words.â In Cognitive Science, Vol. 11, Iss.2. pp. 65-99.
Leedy, P.D. and Orrnrod, J.E. (2001).Practical Research: Planning and Design. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall
Liu, Y. (1997). âSoftware-user interface designâ. In G. Salvendy (Ed.). Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. pp. 1698-1724. New York: Wiley.
Luhman, J. (1999). Creativity: Mac vs. Win. Retrieved 29 April 2004 from www.skypoint.com/members/jluhman/creative.htm.
MacLean, A., Barnard, P.J., and Wilson, M.D. (1985). âEvaluating the human interface of a data entry system: User choice and performance measures yield different trade-off functions.â In People and Computers: Designing the Interface, Vol. 5 Iss. 7 pp. 45-61.
Manes, S. (2000). âThe curse of user-hostile designâ. In PC World, Vol. 18. Iss. 11. p. 284.
Margano, S. and Schneiderman, B., (1987). âA Study of File Manipulation by Novices Using Commands vs. Direct Manipulation.â In 26th Annual Technical Symposium, Washington D.C. Chapter of ACM, pp. 57-62.
Meloche, J.,A. (2000) âQ Methodology as a Research Methodology for Human Computer Interactionâ School of Information Studies, Charles Stuart University, Wagga Wagga. Australia. Retrieved 20 September 2004 from http://www.csu.edu.au/OZCHI99/short_papers/Meloche.doc
Merchant, S.(2002). âCustomizing the Human-Computer Interface to Compensate for Individual Cognitive Attitude: An Exploratory Studyâ, In Informing Science pp. 1043-1049.
Morgan, K., Morris, R.L., and Gibbs, S. (1991) âWhen does a mouse become a rat? orâŠComparing performance and preferences in direct manipulation and command line environments,â In The Computer Journal, Vol. 34, Iss.3. pp. 265-271.
Mynatt, E.D., and Edwards, W.K (1995). âMetaphors for nonvisual computing. In A.D.N. Edwards (Ed.) Extra-ordinary human computer Interaction: Interfaces for users with disabilities. pp. 201-220. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nickerson, R. S., Baddeley, A, and Freeman, B. (1987). âAre peopleâs estimates of what other people know influenced by what they themselves know?â In Acta Psychologica , Vol. 64, pp. 245259.
Nielsen, J. (1987). âA user interface case study of the Macintosh.â In Salvendy, G. (Ed.), Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems. pp. 241-248. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Nielsen, J. and Levy, J. (1994) âMeasuring Usability: Preference vs. Performance.â In Communications of the ACM Vol. 3, Iss. 4. pp. 66-75.
Nielsen, J., and Mack, R.L.(1994). Usability Inspection Methods, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Niven, B.(2004). Interview. [Interview with Brian Niven, 10 September, 2004].
Norman, D.A., (1986) âCognitive engineering.â In D.A Norman and S.W. Draper (eds.) User Centered Systems Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction. pp. 31-61. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
OâReilley Online Catalogue (1999). Retrieved August 25 2004 from http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/debian/chapter/book/glossary.html
Paap, KA, and Roske-Hofstrand, R. J. (1988). âDesign of menus.â In M. Helander (Ed.). In Handbook of human-computer interaction. pp. 205-235. New York: Elsevier.
Paige, J. M. and Simon, H. A (1966). âCognition processes in solving algebra word problemsâ. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Problem Solving, pp. 119-151. New York: Wiley.
Perry, T. S., and Voelcker, J. (1989). âOf mice and menus: designing the user-friendly interface.â In IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 26, Iss.9. pp. 46-51.
Rauterberg, M. (1996). âHow to Measure and to Quantify Usability Attributes of Man-Machine Interfaces.â In K Tanie (Ed. ) Proceedings 5th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication. pp. 262-267.
Rauterberg, M. (1998). âIntroduction into Human Computer Interactionâ pp. 3-30. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
Raymond, E.S. (2003). âTradeoffs between CLI and Visual Interfaces: Chapter 11â. In Art of Unix Programming. pp. 45-51. London: John Wiley & Sons.
Robertson, G.G., Card, S.K and MacKinlay, J.D. (1993). âInformation Visulization using 3D animation.â In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, Iss.2. pp. 81-83.
Rohr, G., & Keppel, E. (1984). âIconic interfaces: where to use and how to construct?â In Human factors in Organizational Design and Management: Proceedings of First Symposium, pp. 269-275. North-Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Rosson, M. B. (1983). âPatterns of experience in text editing.â In Proceedings of the CHI-83 conference on human factors in computing. pp. 171-175. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Santhanam, R., and Wiedenbeck, S. (1993). âNeither novice nor expert: The discretionary user of software.â In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 38, Iss. 2. pp. 201-229.
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