A Secure and Low-Energy Zone-based Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocol for Pollution Monitoring

[EN] Sensor networks can be used in many sorts of environments. The increase of pollution and carbon footprint are nowadays an important environmental problem. The use of sensors and sensor networks can help to make an early detection in order to mitigate their effect over the medium. The deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) requires high-energy efficiency and secures mechanisms to ensure the data veracity. Moreover, when WSNs are deployed in harsh environments, it is very difficult to recharge or replace the sensor's batteries. For this reason, the increase of network lifetime is highly desired. WSNs also work in unattended environments, which is vulnerable to different sort of attacks. Therefore, both energy efficiency and security must be considered in the development of routing protocols for WSNs. In this paper, we present a novel Secure and Low-energy Zone-based Routing Protocol (SeLeZoR) where the nodes of the WSN are split into zones and each zone is separated into clusters. Each cluster is controlled by a cluster head. Firstly, the information is securely sent to the zone-head using a secret key; then, the zone-head sends the data to the base station using the secure and energy efficient mechanism. This paper demonstrates that SeLeZoR achieves better energy efficiency and security levels than existing routing protocols for WSNs.Mehmood, A.; Lloret, J.; Sendra, S. (2016). A Secure and Low-Energy Zone-based Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocol for Pollution Monitoring. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 16(17):2869-2883. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2734S286928831617Sendra S Deployment of efficient wireless sensor nodes for monitoring in rural, indoor and underwater environments 2013Javaid, N., Qureshi, T. N., Khan, A. H., Iqbal, A., Akhtar, E., & Ishfaq, M. 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A Novel Routing Protocol For Wireless Sensor Networks With Improved Energy Efficient LEACH

Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsns) Have Been Widely Considered As One Of The Most Important Technologies For The Twenty-First Century. A Typical Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) Used For Environmental Condition Monitoring, Security Surveillance Of Battle-Fields, Wildlife Habitat Monitoring, Etc. Cluster-Based Hierarchical Routing Protocols Play An Essential Role In Decreasing The Energy Consumption Of Wireless Sensor Networks (Wsns). A Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Has Been Proposed As An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture For Wsns. However, Without Considering The Distribution Of The Cluster Heads (Chs) In The Rotation Basis, The LEACH Protocol Will Increase The Energy Consumption Of The Network. To Improve The Energy Efficiency Of The WSN, We Propose A Novel Modified Routing Protocol In This Paper. The Newly Proposed Improved Energy-Efficient LEACH (IEE-LEACH) Protocol Considers The Residual Node Energy And The Average Energy Of The Networks. To Achieve Satisfactory Performance In Terms Of Reducing The Sensor Energy Consumption, The Proposed IEE-LEACH Accounts For The Numbers Of The Optimal Chs And Prohibits The Nodes That Are Closer To The Base Station (BS) To Join In The Cluster Formation. Furthermore, The Proposed IEE-LEACH Uses A New Threshold For Electing Chs Among The Sensor Nodes, And Employs Single Hop, Multi-Hop, And Hybrid Communications To Further Improve The Energy Efficiency Of The Networks. The Simulation Results Demonstrate That, Compared With Some Existing Routing Protocols, The Proposed Protocol Substantially Reduces The Energy Consumption Of Wsns

HEER: Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of numerous sensors which send sensed data to base station. Energy conservation is an important issue for sensor nodes as they have limited power.Many routing protocols have been proposed earlier for energy efficiency of both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. We can prolong our stability and network lifetime by reducing our energy consumption. In this research paper, we propose a protocol designed for the characteristics of a reactive homogeneous WSNs, HEER (Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive) protocol. In HEER, Cluster Head(CH) selection is based on the ratio of residual energy of node and average energy of network. Moreover, to conserve more energy, we introduce Hard Threshold (HT) and Soft Threshold (ST). Finally, simulations show that our protocol has not only prolonged the network lifetime but also significantly increased stability period.Comment: 2nd IEEE Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference (SIECPC 13), 2013, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi

M-GEAR: Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNs

In this research work, we advise gateway based energy-efficient routing protocol (M-GEAR) for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We divide the sensor nodes into four logical regions on the basis of their location in the sensing field. We install Base Station (BS) out of the sensing area and a gateway node at the centre of the sensing area. If the distance of a sensor node from BS or gateway is less than predefined distance threshold, the node uses direct communication. We divide the rest of nodes into two equal regions whose distance is beyond the threshold distance. We select cluster heads (CHs)in each region which are independent of the other region. These CHs are selected on the basis of a probability. We compare performance of our protocol with LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). Performance analysis and compared statistic results show that our proposed protocol perform well in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc

Implementation of DEEC Protocol Using Optimization Technique in Wireless Sensor Technology

Wireless sensor networks are employed in several applications like military, medical, household and environmental. In these applications energy factor is the determining factor in the performance of wireless sensor networks. In wireless sensor network, clustering is used as an effective technique to achieve scalability, self-organization, power saving, channel access, routing etc. Lifetime of sensor nodes determines the lifetime of the network and is crucial for the sensing capability. Clustering is the key technique used to extend the lifetime of a sensor network and also reduce energy consumption etc,. Energy-efficient clustering protocols should be designed for the characteristic of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks[1]. DEEC which is named as distributed energy efficient clustering protocol is selected as clustering protocol[1]. In DEEC, the cluster heads are elected by a probability based on the ratio between residual energy of each node and the average energy of the network. Since in DEEC, the lifetime of sensors as well as network degrades very quickly. Hence in order to increase the network lifetime a new algorithm is proposed. This technique balances the cluster by using some backup nodes. The backup high energy and high processing power nodes replace the cluster head after the cluster reaches to its threshold limit. This approach will increase the network lifetime and will provide high throughput

Design and implementation of a communicating method for WSN

The sensor nodes present in the wireless sensor networks are constrained of energy as they are powered with the help of battery. Deployment of the sensor nodes in the hostile environment makes it unfavorable for the people to change the battery of the senor nodes when it is expired. Due to the energy limitations there is a great need of providing any energy efficient way of communication for the wireless sensor networks. Several techniques of offering communications in a sensor network use the classical layered method that results in great overhead of the network and high energy consumption. It will be very better when a unified technique is present for converting the functions of common protocol to the cross layer method. A cross layer protocol is been implemented in this project to provide congestion control, better routing over the cross layers. This cross layer protocol is designed based on the initiative determination present in cross layer module. This method offers congestion control forwarding based on initiatives contention based on receivers and better communication between the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network. The implementation of this initiative determination is very easy as it just involves the comparison with the threshold values. Through this cross layer protocol the functions of each layer can be combined very easily .The performance of this cross layer protocol is also identified in this project. Through this cross layer protocol better communications can be provided between the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor networks and also is far better than the classic layered protocols with respect to the energy consumption and network performance

SPARCO: Stochastic Performance Analysis with Reliability and Cooperation for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Reliability is a key factor for application-oriented Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) which are utilized for gaining certain objectives and a demand always exists for efficient data routing mechanisms. Cooperative routing is a promising technique which utilizes the broadcast feature of wireless medium and forwards data with cooperation using sensor nodes as relays. Here, we present a cooperation-based routing protocol for underwater networks to enhance their performance called Stochastic Performance Analysis with Reliability and Cooperation (SPARCO). Cooperative communication is explored in order to design an energy-efficient routing scheme for UWSNs. Each node of the network is assumed to be consisting of a single omnidirectional antenna and multiple nodes cooperatively forward their transmissions taking advantage of spatial diversity to reduce energy consumption. Both multihop and single-hop schemes are exploited which contribute to lowering of path-losses present in the channels connecting nodes and forwarding of data. Simulations demonstrate that SPARCO protocol functions better regarding end-to-end delay, network lifetime, and energy consumption comparative to noncooperative routing protocol—improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (iAMCTD). The performance is also compared with three cooperation-based routing protocols for UWSN: Cognitive Cooperation (Cog-Coop), Cooperative Depth-Based Routing (CoDBR), and Cooperative Partner Node Selection Criteria for Cooperative Routing (Coop Re and dth)

MODLEACH: A Variant of LEACH for WSNs

Wireless sensor networks are appearing as an emerging need for mankind. Though, Such networks are still in research phase however, they have high potential to be applied in almost every field of life. Lots of research is done and a lot more is awaiting to be standardized. In this work, cluster based routing in wireless sensor networks is studied precisely. Further, we modify one of the most prominent wireless sensor network's routing protocol "LEACH" as modified LEACH (MODLEACH) by introducing \emph{efficient cluster head replacement scheme} and \emph{dual transmitting power levels}. Our modified LEACH, in comparison with LEACH out performs it using metrics of cluster head formation, through put and network life. Afterwards, hard and soft thresholds are implemented on modified LEACH (MODLEACH) that boast the performance even more. Finally a brief performance analysis of LEACH, Modified LEACH (MODLEACH), MODLEACH with hard threshold (MODLEACHHT) and MODLEACH with soft threshold (MODLEACHST) is undertaken considering metrics of throughput, network life and cluster head replacements.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc