2 research outputs found

    STUDY OF FULLY-INTEGRATED LOW-DROPOUT REGULATORS

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    Department of Electrical EngineeringThis thesis focuses on the introduction of fully-integrated low-dropout regulators (LDOs). Recently, for the mobile and internet-of-things applications, the level of integration is getting higher. LDOs get popular in integrated circuit design including functions such as reducing switching ripples from high-efficiency regulators, cancelling spurs from other loads, and giving different supply voltages to loads. In accordance with load applications, choosing proper LDOs is important. LDOs can be classified by the types of power MOSEFT, the topologies of error amplifier, and the locations of dominant pole. Analog loads such as voltage-controlled oscillators and analog-to-digital converters need LDOs that have high power-supply-rejection-ratio (PSRR), high accuracy, and low noise. Digital loads such as DRAM and CPU need fast transient response, a wide range of load current providable LDOs. As an example, we present the design procedure of a fully-integrated LDO that obtains the desired PSRR. In analog LDOs, we discuss advanced techniques such as local positive feedback loop and zero path that can improve stability and PSRR performance. In digital LDOs, the techniques to improve transient response are introduced. In analog-digital hybrid LDOs, to achieve both fast transient and high PSRR performance in a fully-integrated chip, how to optimally combine analog and digital LDOs is considered based on the characteristics of each LDO type. The future work is extracted from the considerations and limitations of conventional techniques.clos

    ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“œ๋กญ์•„์›ƒ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 2. ์ •๋•๊ท .In this dissertation, the design of a fast transient response digital low-dropout regulator (DLDO) applicable to next-generation memory systems is discussed. Recent technologies in memory systems mainly aim at high power density and fast data rate. Accordingly, the need for a power converter withstanding a large amount of load current change in a short period is increased. Accordingly, a solution for compensating for a voltage drop that causes significant damage to a memory data input/output is searched according to a periodic clock signal. With this situation, two structures that achieve fast transient response performance under the constraints of memory systems are proposed. To mitigate the transient response degradation under slow external clock conditions, an adaptive two-step search algorithm with event-driven approaches DLDO is proposed. The technique solves the limitations of loop operation time dependent on slow external clocks through a ring-amplifier-based continuous-time comparator. Also, shift register is designed as a circular structure with centralized control of each register to reduce the cost. Finally, the remaining regulation error is controlled by an adaptive successive approximation algorithm to minimize the settling time. Fast recovery and settling time are shown through the measurement of the prototype chip implemented by the 40-nm CMOS process. Next, a digital low dropout regulator for ultra-fast transient response is designed. A slope-detector-based coarse controller to detect, compensate, and correct load current changes occurring at every rising or falling edge of tens to hundreds of megahertz clocks is proposed. Compensation efficiency is increased by the method according to the degree of change in load voltage over time. Furthermore, the LUT-based shift register enables the fast loop response speed of the DLDO. Finally, a bidirectional latch-based driver with fast settling speed and high resolution are proposed. The prototype chip is implemented with a 40-nm CMOS process and achieves effective load voltage recovery through fast transient response performance even with low load capacitance.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํƒˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“œ๋กญ์•„์›ƒ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํด๋ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „์•• ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํด๋ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํƒˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“œ๋กญ์•„์›ƒ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ฃผ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ๋‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์„œ์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํด๋ฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ๋ฃจํ”„ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ ์‹œํ‚จ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ • ์—๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ ์‘๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ถ•์ฐจ ๋น„๊ตํ˜• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์ •์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 40-nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „์••์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํšŒ๋ณต ์†๋„์™€ ์ •์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“œ๋กญ์•„์›ƒ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ~์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ—ค๋ฅด์ฏ” ํด๋ฝ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์—ฃ์ง€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ coarse ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „์•• ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ๋žŒํ‘œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ด๋™ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ณผ๋„ ์ƒํƒœ ์ดํ›„ ๋””์ง€ํƒˆ ๋ ˆ๊ทค๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฃจํ”„ ์‘๋‹ต ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ์กฐ์ • ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ž๋ฆฌ์ด๋™ ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ์†๋„์™€ ๋†’์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ž˜์น˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์€ 40-nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ถ•์ „์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—๋„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋„ ์‘๋‹ต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์ „์•• ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF LDO 4 1.2.1 ANALOG LDO VS. DIGITAL LDO 4 1.2.2 CAP LDO VS. CAP-LESS LDO 6 1.3 THESIS ORGANIZATION 8 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDS ON DIGITAL LOW-DROPOUT REGULATOR 9 2.1 BASIC DIGITAL LOW-DROPOUT REGULATOR 9 2.2 FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE LOW-DROPOUT REGULATOR 12 2.2.1 RESPONSE TIME 13 2.2.1 SETTLING TIME 20 2.3 VARIOUS METHODS FOR IMPLEMENT FAST TRANSIENT DIGITAL LDO 21 2.3.1 EVENT-DRIVEN DIGITAL LDO 21 2.3.2 FEEDFORWARD CONTROL 23 2.3.3 COMPUTATIONAL DIGITAL LDO 25 2.4 DESIGN POINTS OF FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE DIGITAL LDO 27 CHAPTER 3 A FAST DROOP-RECOVERY EVENT-DRIVEN DIGITAL LDO WITH ADAPTIVE LINEAR/BINARY TWO-STEP SEARCH FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION IN ADVANCED MEMORY 29 3.1 OVERVIEW 29 3.2 PROPOSED DIGITAL LDO 32 3.2.1 MOTIVATION 32 3.2.2 ALSC WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULAR SHIFTING REGISTER 36 3.2.3 SBSC WITH SUBRANGE SUCCESSIVE-APPROXIMATION REGISTER 39 3.2.4 STABILITY ANALYSIS 41 3.3 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 44 3.3.1 TIME-INTERLEAVED RING-AMPLIFIER-BASED COMPARATOR 44 3.3.2 ASYNCHRONOUS 2D CIRCULAR SHIFTING REGISTER 49 3.3.3 SUBRANGE SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION REGISTER 51 3.4 MESUREMENT RESULTS 54 CHAPTER 4 A FAST TRANSIENT RESPONSE DIGITAL LOW-DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH SLOPE-DETECTOR-BASED MULTI-STEP CONTROL FOR DIGITAL LOAD APPLICATION 62 4.1 OVERVIEW 62 4.2 PROPOSED DIGITAL LDO 64 4.2.1 MOTIVATION 64 4.2.2 ARCHITECTURE OF DIGITAL LDO 66 4.2.3 SLEW-RATE DEPENDENT COARSE-CONTROL LOOP 69 4.2.4 FINE-CONTROL LOOP 72 4.2.5 CONTROL FOR LOAD-TRANSIENT RESPONSE 74 4.3 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 77 4.3.1 COMPARATOR-TRIGGERED OSCILLATOR DESIGN 77 4.3.2 SLOPE DETECTOR DESIGN 81 4.3.3 LUT-BASED SHIFT REGISTER DESIGN 84 4.3.4 BI-DIRECTIONAL LATCH-BASED DRIVER DESIGN 86 4.4 MEASUREMENT(SIMULATION) RESULTS 90 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 97 ์ดˆ ๋ก 109๋ฐ•
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