Vehicle-to-grid regulation based on a dynamic simulation of mobility behavior

This study establishes a new approach to analyzing the economic impacts of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) regulation by simulating the restrictions arising from un-predictable mobility requests by vehicle users. A case study for Germany using average daily values (in the following also called the "static" approach) and a dynamic simulation including different mobility use patterns are presented. Comparing the dynamic approach with the static approach reveals a significant difference in the power a vehicle can offer for regulation and provides insights into the necessary size of vehicle pools and the possible adaptations required in the regulation market to render V2G feasible. In a first step, the regulation of primary, secondary and tertiary control is ana-lyzed based on previous static methods used to investigate V2G and data from the four German regulation areas. It is shown that negative secondary control is economically the most beneficial for electric vehicles because it offers the high-est potential for charging with 'low-priced' energy from negative regulation. In a second step, a new method based on a Monte Carlo simulation using stochastic mobility behavior is applied to look at the negative secondary control market in more detail. Our simulation indicates that taking dynamic driving behavior into account results in a 40% reduction of the power available for regulation. Be-cause of the high value of power in the regulation market this finding has a strong impact on the resulting revenues. Further, we demonstrate that, for the data used, a pool size of 10,000 vehicles seems reasonable to balance the var-iation in driving behavior of each individual. In the case of the German regula-tion market, which uses monthly bids, a daily or hourly bid period is recom-mended. This adaptation would be necessary to provide individual regulation assuming that the vehicles are primarily used for mobility reasons and cannot deliver the same amount of power every hour of the week. --

Opening of Ancillary Service Markets to Distributed Energy Resources: A Review

Electric power systems are moving toward more decentralized models, where energy generation is performed by small and distributed power plants, often from renewables. With the gradual phase out from fossil fuels, however, Distribution Energy Resources (DERs) are expected to take over in the provision of all regulation services required to operate the grid. To this purpose, the opening of national Ancillary Service Markets (ASMs) to DERs is considered an essential passage. In order to allow this transition to happen, current opportunities and barriers to market participation of DERs must be clearly identified. In this work, a comprehensive review is provided of the state-of-the-art of research on DER integration into ASMs. The topic at hand is analyzed from different perspectives. First, the current situation and main trends regarding the reformation processes of national ASMs are analyzed to get a clear picture of the evolutions expected and adjustment required in the future, according to the scientific community. Then, the focus is moved to the strategies to be adopted by aggregators for the effective control and coordination of DERs, exploring the challenges posed by the uncertainties affecting the problem. Coordination schemes between transmission and distribution system operators, and the implications on the grid infrastructure operation and planning, are also investigated. Finally, the review deepens the control capabilities required for DER technologies to perform the needed control actions

Generating Geospatially Realistic Driving Patterns Derived From Clustering Analysis Of Real EV Driving Data

In order to provide a vehicle fleet that realistically represents the predicted Electric Vehicle (EV) penetration for the future, a model is required that mimics people driving behaviour rather than simply playing back collected data. When the focus is broadened from on a traditional user-centric smart charging approach to be more grid-centric, it suddenly becomes important to know not just when- and how much the vehicles charge, but also where in the grid they plug in. Since one of the main goals of EV-grid studies is to find the saturation point, it is equally important that the simulation scales, which calls for a statistically correct, yet flexible model. This paper describes a method for modelling EV, based on non-categorized data, which takes into account the plug in locations of the vehicles. By using clustering analysis to extrapolate and classify the primary locations where the vehicles park, the model can be transferred geographically using known locations of the same classification

Distributed resource integration analysis and network design of electric power distribution systems

The integration of high percentages of distributed energy resources and controllable loads into the distribution system coupled with the strict power quality and service reliability requirements at the power distribution level are necessitating a significant change in the planning, operation and control of the traditional power distribution system. The future power distribution circuits should be able to accommodate the new technologies while simultaneously providing a desired level of power quality and service reliability to the customers. This thesis aims to address the current and future grid requirements of both existing as well as new distribution systems with regard to power quality and service reliability issues. Several methods are proposed to evaluate and mitigate power quality and service reliability concerns due to the integration of smart grid technologies into both existing and new distribution circuits. Notably, for the existing distribution circuits, integration studies are simulated to analyze and mitigate the impacts of electric vehicle loads and photovoltaic generation on the distribution voltages. Furthermore, the problem of siting, sizing and deployment of distributed energy storage systems in meeting distribution planning requirements with regard to integrating distributed generation and providing contingency requirements is also addressed. A new distribution system both grid-connected and operating in islanded mode, however, could be designed to the new requirements. The new distribution circuit could be designed to meet the power quality and service reliability standards directly, thus more efficiently mitigating the concerns. In the thesis, the new distribution circuit design is approached from the perspective of maximizing the service reliability. For the new distribution circuit, approaches to reliability based distribution circuit design are proposed.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Electric vehicle energy integration scenarios: a feasibility analysis environment

The UK Government has set a goal that by 2040, every new car will be an ultra-low emission vehicle. This makes the exploitation of excess storage in electric vehicles to provide electricity support potentially beneficial. The technology required to utilise this opportunity is called ‘vehicle-to-grid’, primarily a vehicle connection post with a built-in bi-directional inverter, providing both vehicle charging and discharging functionality. Through utilisation of this equipment, local energy systems, such as building clusters, can utilise the excess energy stored within the vehicles parked on site. The aim of this research was to create a platform from which to evaluate the investment opportunity of vehicle-to-grid in a local services case study for future energy scenarios. As such, a feasibility analysis environment was developed that evaluates the economic benefit to both vehicle and building owners in installing vehicle-to-grid. The software has the capability to assess any case study with a collection of buildings, vehicles, photovoltaics or market demand. Energy scenarios have been developed within the software to run case studies for economic evaluation, with the scenarios ranging from building peak shaving, tariff demand reduction, photovoltaic demand shifting and energy market provision. By altering the number of vehicles being assessed, the software can also calculate infrastructure provision requirements and related costs. [Continues.