A spontaneous ad hoc network to share www access

In this paper, we propose a secure spontaneous ad-hoc network, based on direct peer-to-peer interaction, to grant a quick, easy, and secure access to the users to surf the Web. The paper shows the description of our proposal, the procedure of the nodes involved in the system, the security algorithms implemented, and the designed messages. We have taken into account the security and its performance. Although some people have defined and described the main features of spontaneous ad-hoc networks, nobody has published any design and simulation until today. Spontaneous networking will enable a more natural form of wireless computing when people physically meet in the real world. We also validate the success of our proposal through several simulations and comparisons with a regular architecture, taking into account the optimization of the resources of the devices. Finally, we compare our proposal with other caching techniques published in the related literature. The proposal has been developed with the main objective of improving the communication and integration between different study centers of low-resource communities. That is, it lets communicate spontaneous networks, which are working collaboratively and which have been created on different physical places.Authors want to give thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions, useful comments, and proofreading of this paper. This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain, under Grant no. TIN2008-06441-C02-01, and by the "Ayudas complementarias para proyectos de I+D para grupos de calidad de la Generalitat Valenciana" (ACOMP/2010/005).Lacuesta Gilaberte, R.; Lloret, J.; García Pineda, M.; Peñalver Herrero, ML. (2010). A spontaneous ad hoc network to share www access. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. 2010:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/232083S1162010Preuß S, Cap CH: Overview of spontaneous networking-evolving concepts and technologies. In Rostocker Informatik-Berichte. Volume 24. Fachbereich Informatik der Universit at Rostock; 2000:113-123.Gallo S, Galluccio L, Morabito G, Palazzo S: Rapid and energy efficient neighbor discovery for spontaneous networks. Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, October 2004, Venice, ItalyLatvakoski J, Pakkala D, Pääkkönen P: A communication architecture for spontaneous systems. IEEE Wireless Communications 2004, 11(3):36-42. 10.1109/MWC.2004.1308947Zarate Silva VH, De Cruz Salgado EI, Quintana FR: AWISPA: an awareness framework for collaborative spontaneous networks. Proceedings of the 36th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE '06), October 2006 1-6.Feeney LM, Ahlgren B, Westerlund A: Spontaneous networking: an application-oriented approach to ad hoc networking. IEEE Communications Magazine 2001, 39(6):176-181. 10.1109/35.925687Perkins CE, Bhagwat P: Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers. Proceedings of the Conference on Communications Architectures, Protocols and Applications (SIGCOMM '94), August 1994 234-244.Johnson DB, Maltz DA, Broch J: DSR: The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, Ad Hoc Networking. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing, Boston, Mass, USA; 2001.Perkins C, Belding-Royer E, Das S: Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. RFC 3561, July 2003Park V, Corson MS: IETF MANET Internet Draft "draft-ietf-MANET-tora-spe03.txt". Novemmer 2000.Viana AC, De Amorim MD, Fdida S, de Rezende JF: Self-organization in spontaneous networks: the approach of DHT-based routing protocols. Ad Hoc Networks 2005, 3(5):589-606.Gilaberte RL, Herrero LP: IP addresses configuration in spontaneous networks. Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on Computers, July 2005, Athens, GreeceViana AC, Dias de Amorim M, Fdida S, de Rezende JF: Self-organization in spontaneous networks: the approach of DHT-based routing protocols. Ad Hoc Networks 2005, 3(5):589-606.Alvarez-Hamelin JI, Carneiro Viana A, Dias De Amorim M: Architectural considerations for a self-configuring routing scheme for spontaneous networks.,Tech. Rep. 1 October 2005.Lacuesta R, Peñalver L: Automatic configuration of ad-hoc networks: establishing unique IP link-local addresses. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies (SECURWARE '07), October 2007, Valencia, SpainFoulks EF: Social network therapies and society: an overview. Contemporary Family Therapy 1985, 3(4):316-320.Wang Y, Wu H: DFT-MSN: the delay/fault-tolerant mobile sensor network for pervasive information gathering. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM '06), April 2006Kindberg T, Zhang K: Validating and securing spontaneous associations between wireless devices. In Proceedings of the 6th Information Security Conference (ISC '03), 2003. Springer; 44-53.Al-Jaroodi J: Routing security in open/dynamic mobile ad hoc networks. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology 2007, 4(1):17-25.Stajano F, Anderson RJ: The resurrecting duckling: security issues for ad-hoc wireless networks. 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Proceedings of the International Symposium on Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS '02), February 2002, San Diego, Calif, USABarbara D, Imielinski T: Sleepers and workaholics: caching strategies in mobile environments. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, May 1994 1-12.Cao G: A scalable low-latency cache invalidation strategy for mobile environments. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 2003, 15(5):1251-1265. 10.1109/TKDE.2003.1232276Hu Q, Lee D: Cache algorithms based on adaptive invalidation reports for mobile environments. Cluster Computing 1998, 1(1):39-50. 10.1023/A:1019012927328Jing J, Elmagarmid A, Helal A, Alonso R: Bit-sequences: an adaptive cache invalidation method in mobile client/server environments. Mobile Networks and Applications 1997, 2(2):115-127. 10.1023/A:1013616213333Kahol A, Khurana S, Gupta S, Srimani P: An efficient cache management scheme for mobile environment. 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IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 2005, 4(1):68-83.Wessels D, Claffy K: Internet cache protocol (IC) v.2. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2186.txtFan L, Cao P, Almeida J, Broder AZ: Summary cache: a scalable wide-area web cache sharing protocol. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 2000, 8(3):281-293. 10.1109/90.851975Dykes SG, Robbins KA: A viability analysis of cooperative proxy caching. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM '01), April 2001, Anchorage, Alaska, USA 3: 1205-1214.Wessels D, Claffy K: RFC 2186: Internet cache protocol (ICP), version 2. The Internet Engineering Taskforce, September 1997Wessels D, Claffy K: RFC 2187: application of internet cache protocol (ICP), version 2. The Internet Engineering Taskforce, September 1997Ren Q, Dunhan MH: Using semantic caching to manage location dependent data in mobile computing. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, August 2000, Boston, Mass, USA 210-221.Lim S, Lee W-C, Cao G, Das CR: Cache invalidation strategies for internet-based mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications 2007, 30(8):1854-1869. 10.1016/j.comcom.2007.02.020Park B-N, Lee W, Lee C: QoS-aware internet access schemes for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications 2007, 30(2):369-384. 10.1016/j.comcom.2006.09.004Hara T: Effective replica allocation in ad hoc networks for improving data accessibility. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM '01), April 2001, Anchorage, Alaska, USA 1568-1576.Papadopouli M, Schulzrinne H: Effects of power conservation, wireless converage and cooperation on data dissemination among mobile devices. Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '01), October 2001, Long Beach, Calif, USA 117-127.Can P, Irani S: Cost-aware WWW proxy caching algorithms. Proceedings of the USENIX Symposium on lnternet Technology and Systems, December 1997Rizzo L, Vicisano L: Replacement policies for a proxy cache. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 2000, 8(2):158-170. 10.1109/90.842139Williams S, Abrams M, Strandridge CR, Abdulla G, Fox EA: Removal policies in network caches for world-wide web documents. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications, August 1996, Palo Alto, Calif, USA 293-305.Hara T: Replica allocation in ad hoc networks with period data update. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM '02), July 2002, Edmonton, Canada 79-86.Papadopouli M, Schulzrinne H: Effects of power conservation, wireless coverage and cooperation on data dissemination among mobile devices. Proceedings of the ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc '01), October 2001, Long Beach, Calif, USA 117-127.Sailhan F, Issarny V: Cooperative caching in ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM '03), January 2003, Melbourne, Australia, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2574: 13-28.Yin L, Cao G: Supporting cooperative caching in ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 2006, 5(1):77-89.Karumanchi G, Muralidharan S, Prakash R: Information dissemination in partitionable mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS '99), October 1999, Lausanne, Switzerland 4-13.Corson MS, Macker JP, Cirincione GH: Internet-based mobile ad hoc networking. IEEE Internet Computing 1999, 3(4):63-70. 10.1109/4236.780962Lim S, Lee W-C, Cao G, Das CR: A novel caching scheme for improving internet-based mobile ad hoc networks performance. Ad Hoc Networks 2006, 4(2):225-239. 10.1016/j.adhoc.2004.04.013Opnet Modeler http://www.opnet.com/solutions/network_rd/modeler_wireless.htmlLacuesta R, Lloret J, Garcia M, Peñalver L: Two secure and energy-saving spontaneous ad-hoc protocol for wireless mesh client networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. In pres

Enhanced Protocol for data exchange through Natural Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a secure protocol for spontaneous wireless ad hoc networks which uses a hybrid symmetric/ asymmetric scheme and the trust between users in order to exchange the initial data and to exchange the secret keys that will be used to encrypt the data. Trust is based on the first visual contact between users. Our proposal is a complete self-configured secure protocol that is able to create the network and share secure services without any infrastructure

A Secure Spontaneous Mobile Ad Hoc Cloud Computing Network

[EN] Spontaneous ad hoc cloud computing networks let us perform complex tasks in a distributed manner by sharing computing resources. This kind of infrastructure is based on mobile devices with limited processing and storage capacity. Nodes with more processing capacity and energy in a spontaneous network store data or perform computing tasks in order to increase the whole computing and storage capacity. However, these networks can also present some problems of security and data vulnerability. In this paper, we present a secure spontaneous mobile ad hoc cloud computing network to make estimations using several information sources. The application is able to create users and manage encryption methods to protect the data sent through the network. The proposal has been simulated in several scenarios. The results show that the network performance depends mainly on the network size and nodes mobility.Sendra, S.; Lacuesta Gilaberte, R.; Lloret, J.; Macias Lopez, EM. (2017). A Secure Spontaneous Mobile Ad Hoc Cloud Computing Network. Journal of Internet Technology. 18(7):1485-1498. https://doi.org/10.6138/JIT.2017.18.7.20141221S1485149818

MWAHCA: A Multimedia Wireless Ad Hoc Cluster Architecture

Wireless Ad hoc networks provide a flexible and adaptable infrastructure to transport data over a great variety of environments. Recently, real-time audio and video data transmission has been increased due to the appearance of many multimedia applications. One of the major challenges is to ensure the quality of multimedia streams when they have passed through a wireless ad hoc network. It requires adapting the network architecture to the multimedia QoS requirements. In this paper we propose a new architecture to organize and manage cluster-based ad hoc networks in order to provide multimedia streams. Proposed architecture adapts the network wireless topology in order to improve the quality of audio and video transmissions. In order to achieve this goal, the architecture uses some information such as each node's capacity and the QoS parameters (bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss). The architecture splits the network into clusters which are specialized in specific multimedia traffic. The real system performance study provided at the end of the paper will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal.Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM.; Sendra, S. (2014). MWAHCA: A Multimedia Wireless Ad Hoc Cluster Architecture. Scientific World Journal. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/913046S2014Lacuesta, R., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Peñalver, L. (2010). A Spontaneous Ad Hoc Network to Share WWW Access. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2010(1). doi:10.1155/2010/232083Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Tomás, J., & Boronat, F. (2008). GBP-WAHSN: A Group-Based Protocol for Large Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 23(3), 461-480. doi:10.1007/s11390-008-9147-6Yu, J. Y., & Chong, P. H. J. (2005). A survey of clustering schemes for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 7(1), 32-48. doi:10.1109/comst.2005.1423333Lloret, J., Garcia, M., Bri, D., & Diaz, J. (2009). A Cluster-Based Architecture to Structure the Topology of Parallel Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(12), 10513-10544. doi:10.3390/s91210513LEHSAINI, M., GUYENNET, H., & FEHAM, M. (2010). Cluster-based Energy-efficient k-Coverage for Wireless Sensor Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.325Zhou, C., & Maxemchuk, N. (2011). Distributed Bottleneck Flow Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 3(1). doi:10.5296/npa.v3i1.576Zhang, R., Cai, L., Pan, J., & Shen, X. (Sherman). (2011). Resource management for video streaming in ad hoc networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(4), 623-634. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.08.012Tarique, M. (2010). ISSUES OF LONG-HOP AND SHORT-HOP ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 2(2). doi:10.5296/npa.v2i2.430Abdrabou, A., & Zhuang, W. (2009). Statistical QoS routing for IEEE 802.11 multihop ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 8(3), 1542-1552. doi:10.1109/twc.2008.080573Kandris, D., Tsagkaropoulos, M., Politis, I., Tzes, A., & Kotsopoulos, S. (2011). Energy efficient and perceived QoS aware video routing over Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 9(4), 591-607. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.09.00

Group-based protocol and mobility model for VANETs to offer internet access

Some public transport vehicles embed devices that allow passengers to connect to Internet while traveling. These vehicles are true mobile Internet access zones inside public paths. These zones could be used by other vehicles moving close to them in order to have Internet access. At the same time, other vehicles in the influence area could be used as relay nodes which would increase this access area. In this paper, we present a group-based protocol and mobility model for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) where each public transport vehicle forms a group of vehicles. They can access and allow access to Internet though the public transport vehicle. Each vehicle is moving inside the group and can leave and join any group at will, while all groups are moving. First, we will show the algorithm and protocol to achieve our purpose. Then, we will study the probability of having Internet access in order to demonstrate that it is a feasible proposal. Finally, we simulate a study case based on real values in order to obtain the performance of our proposal in terms of several network parameters such as the number of hops per route, the network traffic, the page response time, network delay, network load and so on. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Lloret, J.; Cánovas Solbes, A.; Catala Monzo, A.; García Pineda, M. (2013). Group-based protocol and mobility model for VANETs to offer internet access. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 36(3):1027-1038. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2012.02.009S1027103836

Spontaneous ad hoc mobile cloud computing network

Cloud computing helps users and companies to share computing resources instead of having local servers or personal devices to handle the applications. Smart devices are becoming one of the main information processing devices. Their computing features are reaching levels that let them create a mobile cloud computing network. But sometimes they are not able to create it and collaborate actively in the cloud because it is difficult for them to build easily a spontaneous network and configure its parameters. For this reason, in this paper, we are going to present the design and deployment of a spontaneous ad hoc mobile cloud computing network. In order to perform it, we have developed a trusted algorithm that is able to manage the activity of the nodes when they join and leave the network. The paper shows the network procedures and classes that have been designed. Our simulation results using Castalia show that our proposal presents a good efficiency and network performance even by using high number of nodes.Lacuesta, R.; Lloret, J.; Sendra, S.; Peñalver Herrero, ML. (2014). Spontaneous ad hoc mobile cloud computing network. Scientific World Journal. 2014:1-19. doi:10.1155/2014/232419S1192014Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Zhou, L., Mendes, L. D. P., Lin, K., & Lloret, J. (2012). Distributed media-aware flow scheduling in cloud computing environment. Computer Communications, 35(15), 1819-1827. doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.03.004Feeney, L. M., Ahlgren, B., & Westerlund, A. (2001). Spontaneous networking: an application oriented approach to ad hoc networking. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(6), 176-181. doi:10.1109/35.925687Fernando, N., Loke, S. W., & Rahayu, W. (2013). Mobile cloud computing: A survey. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(1), 84-106. doi:10.1016/j.future.2012.05.023Lacuesta, R., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Peñalver, L. (2013). A Secure Protocol for Spontaneous Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Creation. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 24(4), 629-641. doi:10.1109/tpds.2012.168Lacuesta, R., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Peñalver, L. (2011). Two secure and energy-saving spontaneous ad-hoc protocol for wireless mesh client networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(2), 492-505. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2010.03.024Lacuesta, R., Lloret, J., Garcia, M., & Peñalver, L. (2010). A Spontaneous Ad Hoc Network to Share WWW Access. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2010(1). doi:10.1155/2010/232083Lacuesta, R., Palacios-Navarro, G., Cetina, C., Peñalver, L., & Lloret, J. (2012). Internet of things: where to be is to trust. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012(1). doi:10.1186/1687-1499-2012-203Capkun, S., Buttyan, L., & Hubaux, J. (2003). Self-organized public-key management for mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2(1), 52-64. doi:10.1109/tmc.2003.1195151Goodman, J., & Chandrakasan, A. (2000). An Energy Efficient Reconfigurable Public-Key Cryptography Processor Architecture. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 175-190. doi:10.1007/3-540-44499-8_13Mayrhofer, R., Ortner, F., Ferscha, A., & Hechinger, M. (2003). Securing Passive Objects in Mobile Ad-Hoc Peer-to-Peer Networks. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 85(3), 105-121. doi:10.1016/s1571-0661(04)80687-xMendes, L. D. P., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Lloret, J., & Sendra, S. (2014). Cross-Layer Dynamic Admission Control for Cloud-Based Multimedia Sensor Networks. IEEE Systems Journal, 8(1), 235-246. doi:10.1109/jsyst.2013.2260653Dutta, R., & B, A. (2014). Protection of data in unsecured public cloud environment with open, vulnerable networks using threshold-based secret sharing. Network Protocols and Algorithms, 6(1), 58. doi:10.5296/npa.v6i1.486

A Spontaneous Ad Hoc Network to Share WWW Access

In this paper, we propose a secure spontaneous ad-hoc network, based on direct peer-to-peer interaction, to grant a quick, easy, and secure access to the users to surf the Web. The paper shows the description of our proposal, the procedure of the nodes involved in the system, the security algorithms implemented, and the designed messages. We have taken into account the security and its performance. Although some people have defined and described the main features of spontaneous ad-hoc networks, nobody has published any design and simulation until today. Spontaneous networking will enable a more natural form of wireless computing when people physically meet in the real world. We also validate the success of our proposal through several simulations and comparisons with a regular architecture, taking into account the optimization of the resources of the devices. Finally, we compare our proposal with other caching techniques published in the related literature. The proposal has been developed with the main objective of improving the communication and integration between different study centers of low-resource communities. That is, it lets communicate spontaneous networks, which are working collaboratively and which have been created on different physical places.</p

Design and Implementation of a Communication Protocol to Improve Multimedia QoS and QoE in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

[EN] This dissertation addresses the problem of multimedia delivery over multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks, and especially over wireless sensor networks. Due to their characteristics of low power consumption, low processing capacity and low memory capacity, they have major difficulties in achieving optimal quality levels demanded by end users in such communications. In the first part of this work, it has been carried out a study to determine the behavior of a variety of multimedia streams and how they are affected by the network conditions when they are transmitted over topologies formed by devices of different technologies in multi hop wireless ad hoc mode. To achieve this goal, we have performed experimental tests using a test bench, which combine the main codecs used in audio and video streaming over IP networks with different sound and video captures representing the characteristic patterns of multimedia services such as phone calls, video communications, IPTV and video on demand (VOD). With the information gathered in the laboratory, we have been able to establish the correlation between the induced changes in the physical and logical topology and the network parameters that measure the quality of service (QoS) of a multimedia transmission, such as latency, jitter or packet loss. At this stage of the investigation, a study was performed to determine the state of the art of the proposed protocols, algorithms, and practical implementations that have been explicitly developed to optimize the multimedia transmission over wireless ad hoc networks, especially in ad hoc networks using clusters of nodes distributed over a geographic area and wireless sensor networks. Next step of this research was the development of an algorithm focused on the logical organization of clusters formed by nodes capable of adapting to the circumstances of real-time traffic. The stated goal was to achieve the maximum utilization of the resources offered by the set of nodes that forms the network, allowing simultaneously sending reliably and efficiently all types of content through them, and mixing conventional IP data traffic with multimedia traffic with stringent QoS and QoE requirements. Using the information gathered in the previous phase, we have developed a network architecture that improves overall network performance and multimedia streaming. In parallel, it has been designed and programmed a communication protocol that allows implementing the proposal and testing its operation on real network infrastructures. In the last phase of this thesis we have focused our work on sending multimedia in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Based on the above results, we have adapted both the architecture and the communication protocol for this particular type of network, whose use has been growing hugely in recent years.[ES] Esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de la distribución de contenidos multimedia a través de redes inalámbricas ad hoc multisalto, especialmente las redes inalámbricas de sensores que, debido a sus características de bajo consumo energético, baja capacidad de procesamiento y baja capacidad de memoria, plantean grandes dificultades para alcanzar los niveles de calidad óptimos que exigen los usuarios finales en dicho tipo de comunicaciones. En la primera parte de este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio para determinar el comportamiento de una gran variedad de flujos multimedia y como se ven afectados por las condiciones de la red cuando son transmitidos a través topologías formadas por dispositivos de diferentes tecnologías que se comunican en modo ad hoc multisalto inalámbrico. Para ello, se han realizado pruebas experimentales sobre una maqueta de laboratorio, combinando los principales códecs empleados en la transmisión de audio y video a través de redes IP con diversas capturas de sonido y video que representan patrones característicos de servicios multimedia tales como las llamadas telefónicas, videoconferencias, IPTV o video bajo demanda (VOD). Con la información reunida en el laboratorio se ha podido establecer la correlación entre los cambios inducidos en la topología física y lógica de la red con los parámetros que miden la calidad de servicio (QoS) de una transmisión multimedia, tales como la latencia el jitter o la pérdida de paquetes. En esta fase de la investigación se realiza un estudio para determinar el estado del arte de las propuestas de desarrollo e implementación de protocolos y algoritmos que se han generado de forma explícita para optimizar la transmisión de tráfico multimedia sobre redes ad hoc inalámbricas, especialmente en las redes inalámbricas de sensores y redes ad hoc utilizando clústeres de nodos distribuidos en un espacio geográfico. El siguiente paso en la investigación ha consistido en el desarrollo de un algoritmo propio para la organización lógica de clústeres formados por nodos capaces de adaptarse a las circunstancias del tráfico en tiempo real. El objetivo planteado es conseguir un aprovechamiento máximo de los recursos ofrecidos por el conjunto de nodos que forman la red, permitiendo de forma simultánea el envío de todo tipo de contenidos a través de ellos de forma confiable y eficiente, permitiendo la convivencia de tráfico de datos IP convencional con tráfico multimedia con requisitos exigentes de QoS y QoE. A partir de la información conseguida en la fase anterior, se ha desarrollado una arquitectura de red que mejora el rendimiento general de la red y el de las transmisiones multimedia de audio y video en particular. De forma paralela, se ha diseñado y programado un protocolo de comunicación que permite implementar el modelo y testear su funcionamiento sobre infraestructuras de red reales. En la última fase de esta tesis se ha dirigido la atención hacia la transmisión multimedia en las redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN). Partiendo de los resultados anteriores, se ha adaptado tanto la arquitectura como el protocolo de comunicaciones para este tipo concreto de red, cuyo uso se ha extendido en los últimos años de forma considerable[CA] Esta tesi doctoral aborda el problema de la distribució de continguts multimèdia a través de xarxes sense fil ad hoc multi salt, especialment les xarxes sense fil de sensors que, a causa de les seues característiques de baix consum energètic, baixa capacitat de processament i baixa capacitat de memòria, plantegen grans dificultats per a aconseguir els nivells de qualitat òptims que exigixen els usuaris finals en eixos tipus de comunicacions. En la primera part d'este treball s'ha dut a terme un estudi per a determinar el comportament d'una gran varietat de fluxos multimèdia i com es veuen afectats per les condicions de la xarxa quan són transmesos a través topologies formades per dispositius de diferents tecnologies que es comuniquen en mode ad hoc multi salt sense fil. Per a això, s'han realitzat proves experimentals sobre una maqueta de laboratori, combinant els principals códecs empleats en la transmissió d'àudio i vídeo a través de xarxes IP amb diverses captures de so i vídeo que representen patrons característics de serveis multimèdia com son les cridades telefòniques, videoconferències, IPTV o vídeo baix demanda (VOD). Amb la informació reunida en el laboratori s'ha pogut establir la correlació entre els canvis induïts en la topologia física i lògica de la xarxa amb els paràmetres que mesuren la qualitat de servei (QoS) d'una transmissió multimèdia, com la latència el jitter o la pèrdua de paquets. En esta fase de la investigació es realitza un estudi per a determinar l'estat de l'art de les propostes de desenvolupament i implementació de protocols i algoritmes que s'han generat de forma explícita per a optimitzar la transmissió de tràfic multimèdia sobre xarxes ad hoc sense fil, especialment en les xarxes sense fil de sensors and xarxes ad hoc utilitzant clusters de nodes distribuïts en un espai geogràfic. El següent pas en la investigació ha consistit en el desenvolupament d'un algoritme propi per a l'organització lògica de clusters formats per nodes capaços d'adaptar-se a les circumstàncies del tràfic en temps real. L'objectiu plantejat és aconseguir un aprofitament màxim dels recursos oferits pel conjunt de nodes que formen la xarxa, permetent de forma simultània l'enviament de qualsevol tipus de continguts a través d'ells de forma confiable i eficient, permetent la convivència de tràfic de dades IP convencional amb tràfic multimèdia amb requisits exigents de QoS i QoE. A partir de la informació aconseguida en la fase anterior, s'ha desenvolupat una arquitectura de xarxa que millora el rendiment general de la xarxa i el de les transmissions multimèdia d'àudio i vídeo en particular. De forma paral¿lela, s'ha dissenyat i programat un protocol de comunicació que permet implementar el model i testejar el seu funcionament sobre infraestructures de xarxa reals. En l'última fase d'esta tesi s'ha dirigit l'atenció cap a la transmissió multimèdia en les xarxes de sensors sense fil (WSN). Partint dels resultats anteriors, s'ha adaptat tant l'arquitectura com el protocol de comunicacions per a aquest tipus concret de xarxa, l'ús del qual s'ha estés en els últims anys de forma considerable.Díaz Santos, JR. (2016). Design and Implementation of a Communication Protocol to Improve Multimedia QoS and QoE in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62162TESI