Survey on relational database watermarking techniques

Digital watermarking has been in multimedia data use over the past years. Recently it has become applicable in relational database system not only to secure copyright ownership but also to ensure data contents integrity. Further, it is used in locating tampered and modified places. However, the watermarking relational database has its own requirements, challenges, attacks and limitations. This paper, surveys recent database watermarking techniques focusing on the importance of watermarking relational database, the difference between watermarking relational database and multimedia objects, the issues in watermarking relational database, type of attacks on watermarked database, classifications, distortion introduced and the embedded information. The comparative study shows that watermarking relational database can be an effective tool for copyright protection, tampered detection, and hacker tracing while maintaining the integrity of data contents. In addition, this study explores the current issues in watermarking relational database as well as the significant differences between watermarking multimedia data and relational database contents. Finally, it provides a classification of database watermarking techniques according to the way of selecting the candidate key attributes and tuples, distortion introduced and decoding methods used

Lime: Data Lineage in the Malicious Environment

Intentional or unintentional leakage of confidential data is undoubtedly one of the most severe security threats that organizations face in the digital era. The threat now extends to our personal lives: a plethora of personal information is available to social networks and smartphone providers and is indirectly transferred to untrustworthy third party and fourth party applications. In this work, we present a generic data lineage framework LIME for data flow across multiple entities that take two characteristic, principal roles (i.e., owner and consumer). We define the exact security guarantees required by such a data lineage mechanism toward identification of a guilty entity, and identify the simplifying non repudiation and honesty assumptions. We then develop and analyze a novel accountable data transfer protocol between two entities within a malicious environment by building upon oblivious transfer, robust watermarking, and signature primitives. Finally, we perform an experimental evaluation to demonstrate the practicality of our protocol

Design and Analysis of an Intelligent Integrity Checking Watermarking Scheme for Ubiquitous Database Access

As a result of the highly distributed nature of ubiquitous database accessing, it is essential to develop security mechanisms that lend themselves well to the delicate properties of outsourcing databases integrity and copyright protection. Researchers have begun to study how watermarking computing can make ubiquitous databases accessing more confident work environments. One area where database context may help is in supporting content integrity. Initially, most of the research effort in this field was depending on distortion based watermark while the few remaining studies concentrated on distortion-free. But there are many disadvantages in previous studies; most notably some rely on adding watermark as an extra attributes or tuples, which increase the size of the database. Other techniques such as permutation and abstract interpretation framework require much effort to verify the watermark. The idea of this research is to adapt an optimized distortion free watermarking based on fake tuples that are embedded into a separate file not within the database to validate the content integrity for ubiquitous database accessing. The proposed system utilizes the GA, which boils down its role to create the values of the fake tuples as watermark to be the closest to real values. So that it's very hard to any attacker to guess the watermark. The proposed technique achieves more imperceptibility and security. Experimental outcomes confirm that the proposed algorithm is feasible, effective and robust against a large number of attacks