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    Google Earth Engine을 μ΄μš©ν•œ λΆν•œμ˜ μ‚°λ¦Ό 황폐화 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농업생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½Β·μ§€μ—­μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€(μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½ν•™), 2021.8. 이동근.μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νν™”λŠ” μ‚°λ¦Ό μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ©° λ¬Ό μ €μž₯ 및 곡급과 λŒ€κΈ°μ˜€μ—Όμ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” λ“± 산림이 가지고 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ €ν•˜μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. ν™©νν™”λ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‚°λ¦Όμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯ μ €ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°ν›„λ³€ν™” λŒ€μ‘ 및 λŒ€κΈ°μ§ˆ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 뢀정적인 영ν–₯을 미치게 λœλ‹€. λΆν•œμ€ 세계 3개 μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νμ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ 1990λ…„λŒ€λΆ€ν„° μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€ μ‚°λ¦Όμ˜ μ•½ 28%κ°€ ν™©νν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” ꡭ립 μ‚°λ¦Ό κ³Όν•™μ›μ˜ 연ꡬ결과가 μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 곡인된 ν†΅κ³„λŠ” μ—†μ–΄ μΆ”ν›„ 볡원을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ •ν™•ν•œ ν˜„ν™© νŒŒμ•…μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 싀정이닀. 일반적인 μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νν™”μ™€λŠ” 달리 λΆν•œμ€ 경제적인 μ–΄λ €μ›€μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‹λŸ‰ λΆ€μ‘±κ³Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μžμ›μ˜ λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹λŸ‰ 곡급을 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 산림은 밭으둜 κ°œκ°„λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μ„νƒ„μ˜ λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ¬΄λΆ„λ³„ν•œ 벌λͺ©μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•¨ μ‚°λ¦Ό 황폐화가 κ°€μ†ν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νν™”μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ λΆν•œμ—μ„œλ„ μΈμ‹ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€λ ¨ 정책을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λ“±μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ, μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” κ²½μ œλ‚œκ³Ό ν•œκ΅­κ³Όμ˜ 관계 μ•…ν™”λ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ 효과적으둜 이루어지지 μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. λΆν•œμ˜ μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νν™”λŠ” λΆν•œλΏ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•œλ°˜λ„μ˜ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό 동뢁아에 μ‚¬νšŒ 경제적으둜 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 볡원이 μ‹œκΈ‰ν•œ 상황이며 μΆ”ν›„ ν•œκ΅­κ³Όμ˜ 관계가 κ°œμ„ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ 효과적인 볡원 사업 지원을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ •ν™•ν•œ ν˜„ν™©κ³Ό 규λͺ¨λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λΆν•œμ€ ν˜„μž¬ μ ‘κ·Ό λΆˆκ°€ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ ν˜„μž₯쑰사λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ ν˜„ν™© νŒŒμ•…μ΄ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μœ„μ„±μ˜μƒμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 원격탐사가 κ°€μž₯ 효과적인 방법이닀. λ˜ν•œ μ‚°λ¦Ό ν™©νν™”λŠ” 단기간에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μž₯기간에 걸쳐 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ‹€μ€‘μ‹œκΈ°λ‘œ 뢄석할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λΆν•œμ˜ μ‚°λ¦Ό 황폐화가 μ‹¬ν™”λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 1990λ…„λŒ€ 이후인 2000λ…„λΆ€ν„° κ°€μž₯ 졜근인 2020λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ λΆν•œ μ‚°λ¦Ό 황폐화 ν˜„ν™©μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것을 기본으둜 두 가지 연ꡬ 가섀을 μ„Έμ›Œ 리λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ , 황폐화 진행이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€, λ³΅μ›μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ μ„±κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μΆ”ν›„ 볡원 사업을 진행할 λ•Œ, 체계적인 κ³„νšμ„ μ„ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆλŠ” 기초자료둜 μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것이 연ꡬ λͺ©ν‘œμ΄λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 미ꡭ의 지리정보 ν”Œλž«νΌμΈ Google Earth Engine을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ ν”½μ…€ 기반 감독 λΆ„λ₯˜ 랜덀 포레슀트(Random Forest) 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 토지 피볡 λΆ„λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό 기반으둜 Change Detection(λ³€ν™” 감지)을 ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄λŠ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 황폐화가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€, μ‚°λ¦Ό 면적이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ³€ν™”ν•˜μ˜€λŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 뢄석을 μ§„ν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, 2000λ…„-2010λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λΆν•œμ˜ μ‚°λ¦Ό λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 전체 면적의 μ•½ 72.5%μ—μ„œ μ•½ 61%둜 μ•½ 11.5% 정도 κ°μ†Œν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이와 λ°˜λ©΄μ— 농지와 λ‚˜μ§€μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 각각 μ•½ 7%, μ•½ 2% μ¦κ°€ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ λ¬΄λΆ„λ³„ν•œ λ²Œμ±„μ™€ κ°œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‚°λ¦Ό 황폐화가 μ‹¬κ°ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여쀀닀. λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 많이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 지역은 ν‰μ•ˆλ„, 함경도, 강원도 μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 적게 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 지역은 황해도 μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 2010λ…„-2020λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ λΆν•œμ˜ μ‚°λ¦Ό λΉ„μœ¨μ€ μ•½ 61%μ—μ„œ μ•½ 62%둜 μ•½ 1%정도 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 농지도 μ•½ 3% μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이와 λ°˜λ©΄μ— λ‚˜μ§€ λΉ„μœ¨μ€ μ•½ 4% κ°μ†Œν•˜μ—¬ 본격적인 μ‚°λ¦Ό 볡원 사업을 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 2016λ…„ 이후 μ‚°λ¦Ό λΉ„μœ¨μ΄ μ•½κ°„ μƒμŠΉν•˜κ³  λ‚˜μ§€ λΉ„μœ¨μ΄ κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ 농지 λΉ„μœ¨μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보아 μ‚°λ¦Ό 볡원이 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지지 μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°, λ¬΄λΆ„λ³„ν•œ κ°œκ°„ λ˜ν•œ μ§€μ†λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여쀀닀. λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 크게 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 지역은 황해도, 함경도 강원도 μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 적게 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 지역은 ν‰μ•ˆλ„ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ 많이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 지역은 함경도 κ°•μ›λ„λ‘œ, 뢄석결과λ₯Ό 톡해 이 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ κ°œκ°„κ³Ό λ²Œμ±„κ°€ 많이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλ‹€.Deforestation destroys forest ecosystems and reduces the functions of forests, such as reducing water storage and supply and air pollution. The degradation of forests due to deforestation harms climate change response and air quality. North Korea is one of the world's three deforested areas, and according to the research results of the National Institute of Forestry and Science, about 28% of the forest has been degraded from the 1990s until recently. However, as there are no official statistics, it is necessary to accurately identify the current situation for future restoration. Unlike general deforestation, North Korea was caused by a shortage of food and energy resources due to economic difficulties. Forests were cleared into fields for food supply, and extensive deforestation was accelerated by indiscriminate logging for use as an energy source due to a lack of coal. Although North Korea has recognized the problem of deforestation and implemented related policies, it has not been effectively implemented due to the continuing economic difficulties and deterioration of relations with South Korea. Since deforestation in North Korea has a socio-economic impact on North Korea and the environment on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia, restoration is urgently needed. In addition, it is important to know the exact current status and scale of deforestation for effective restoration project support when relations with Korea improve in the future. Since North Korea is currently inaccessible and it is impossible to determine the current situation through field surveys, remote sensing using satellite imagery is the most effective method. In addition, since deforestation is not a short-term phenomenon, but a long-term phenomenon, it is necessary to analyze it in multiple periods. Therefore, in this study, the status of deforestation in North Korea for 20 years from 2000 to 2020 after the 1990s, when deforestation in North Korea began to intensify, was identified, and two research hypotheses were established and confirmed. This study aims to enable it to be used as basic data for systematic planning when conducting a restoration project in the future. To this end, land cover classification is carried out using the pixel-based supervised classification random forest method through Google Earth Engine, a geographic information platform in the United States, and based on this, change detection is performed to determine the extent of devastation in an area. We looked at the progress and how much the forest area had changed. As a result of the analysis, the proportion of forests in North Korea decreased by about 11.5% from about 72.5% of the total area to about 61% from 2000 to 2010. On the other hand, the ratio of cropland and bareland increased by about 7% and about 2%, respectively, indicating that the deforestation caused by reckless logging and clearing is serious. The regions with the most changes were Pyeongan-do, Hamgyeong-do, and Gangwon-do, and the region with the least change was Hwanghae-do. During 2010-2020, the proportion of forests in North Korea increased by about 1% from about 61% to about 62%, and the cropland also increased by about 3%. When the full-scale forest restoration project began in North Korea, the ratio of bareland decreased by about 4% and the ratio of the forest increased slightly. Hwanghae-do and Gangwon-do, Hamgyeong-do showed the largest change, and Pyeongan-do show the least change. Gangwon-do, Hamgyeong-do, has seen many changes in common over the past 20 years, and the analysis results show that clearing and logging took place a lot in this area.Chapter 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Study Background and Purpose of Research 2 Chapter 2. Literature Review 5 2.1. Deforestation of North Korea 5 2.2. Random Forest using GEE 9 2.3. Change Detection 12 Chapter 3. Materials and Methods 14 3.1. Study Area and Materials 14 3.1.1. Study Area 14 3.1.2. Materials 15 3.2. Methods 21 3.2.1. Dataset and Pre-processing 21 3.2.2. Random Forest using GEE 22 3.2.3. Change Detection 23 Chapter 4. Results and Discussions 24 4.1. Results of Radom Forest 24 4.2. Results of Change Detection 28 4.2.1. 2000-2010 28 4.2.2. 2010-2020 30 4.2.3. 2000-2020 32 4.2.4. Regional Results 33 4.3. Discussions 46 Chapter 5. Conclusion 48 Bibliography 50 Abstract in Korean 55석

    A novel change detection approach for multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing images based on rotation forest and coarse-to-fine uncertainty analyses

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    In the process of object-based change detection (OBCD), scale is a significant factor related to extraction and analyses of subsequent change data. To address this problem, this paper describes an object-based approach to urban area change detection (CD) using rotation forest (RoF) and coarse-to-fine uncertainty analyses of multi-temporal high-resolution remote sensing images. First, highly homogeneous objects with consistent spatial positions are identified through vector-raster integration and multi-scale fine segmentation. The multi-temporal images are stacked and segmented under the constraints of a historical land use vector map using a series of optimal segmentation scales, ranging from coarse to fine. Second, neighborhood correlation image analyses are performed to highlight pixels with high probabilities of being changed or unchanged, which can be used as a prerequisite for object-based analyses. Third, based on the coarse-to-fine segmentation and pixel-based pre-classification results, change possibilities are calculated for various objects. Furthermore, changed and unchanged objects identified at different scales are automatically selected to serve as training samples. The spectral and texture features of each object are extracted. Finally, uncertain objects are classified using the RoF classifier. Multi-scale classification results are combined using a majority voting rule to generate the final CD results. In experiments using two pairs of real high-resolution remote sensing datasets, our proposed approach outperformed existing methods in terms of CD accuracy, verifying its feasibility and effectiveness
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