3 research outputs found

    Eliminierung negativer Effekte autokorrelierter Prozesse an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen

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    Im Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neue Vorfahrtstrategie zur Steuerung von MaterialflĂŒssen an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen vorgestellt. Das Hauptanwendungsgebiet stellen innerbetriebliche Transportsysteme dar, wobei die Erkenntnisse auf beliebige Transport- bzw. Bediensysteme ĂŒbertragbar sind. Die Arbeit grenzt sich mit der Annahme autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse von bisheriger Forschung und Entwicklung ab. Bis dato werden stets unkorrelierte Ströme angenommen bzw. findet keine spezielle Beachtung autokorrelierter Ströme bei der Vorfahrtsteuerung statt. Untersuchungen zeigen aber, dass zum einen mit hoher Konfidenz mit autokorrelierten MaterialflĂŒssen zu rechnen ist und in diesem Fall zum anderen von einem erheblichen Einfluss auf die Systemleistung ausgegangen werden muss. Zusammengefasst konnten im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit 68 RealdatensĂ€tze verschiedener Unternehmen untersucht werden, mit dem Ergebnis, dass ca. 95% der MaterialflĂŒsse Autokorrelation aufweisen. Ferner wird hergeleitet, dass Autokorrelation intrinsisch in Materialflusssystemen entsteht. Die Folgen autokorrelierter Prozesse bestehen dabei in lĂ€ngeren Durchlaufzeiten, einem volatileren Systemverhalten und höheren Wahrscheinlichkeiten von Systemblockaden. Um die genannten Effekte an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen zu eliminieren, stellt die Arbeit eine neue Vorfahrtstrategie HAFI – Highest Autocorrelated First vor. Diese priorisiert die Ankunftsprozesse anhand deren Autokorrelation. Konkret wird die Vorfahrt zunĂ€chst so lange nach dem Prinzip First Come First Served gewĂ€hrt, bis richtungsweise eine spezifische WarteschlangenlĂ€nge ĂŒberschritten wird. Der jeweilige Wert ergibt sich aus der Höhe der Autokorrelation der Ankunftsprozesse. Vorfahrt bekommt der Strom mit der höchsten Überschreitung seines Grenzwertes. Die Arbeit stellt ferner eine Heuristik DyDeT zur automatischen Bestimmung und dynamischen Anpassung der Grenzwerte vor. Mit einer Simulationsstudie wird gezeigt, dass HAFI mit Anwendung von DyDeT die VorzĂŒge der etablierten Vorfahrtstrategien First Come First Served und Longest Queue First vereint. Dabei wird auch deutlich, dass die zwei letztgenannten Strategien den besonderen Herausforderungen autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse nicht gerecht werden. Bei einer Anwendung von HAFI zur Vorfahrtsteuerung können Durchlaufzeiten und WarteschlangenlĂ€ngen auf dem Niveau von First Come First Served erreicht werden, wobei dieses ca. 10% unter dem von Longest Queue First liegt. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht HAFI, im Gegensatz zu First Come First Served, eine Ă€hnlich gute Lastbalancierung wie Longest Queue First. Die Ergebnisse stellen sich robust gegenĂŒber Änderungen der Auslastung sowie der Höhe der Autokorrelation dar. Gleichzeitig sind die Erkenntnisse unabhĂ€ngig der Analyse einer isolierten ZusammenfĂŒhrung und der Anordnung mehrerer ZusammenfĂŒhrungen in einem Netzwerk.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Zielsetzung, wissenschaftlicher Beitrag 4 1.3 Konzeption 5 2 Grundlagen 7 2.1 Automatisierung, Steuern, Regeln 7 2.2 System, Modell 10 2.3 Stochastik, Statistik 14 2.3.1 Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen 14 2.3.2 Zufallszahlengeneratoren 21 2.3.3 Autokorrelation als Ähnlichkeits- bzw. AbhĂ€ngigkeitsmaß 24 2.4 Simulation 29 2.5 Warteschlangentheorie und -modelle 32 2.6 Materialflusssystem 35 2.7 Materialflusssteuerung 37 2.7.1 Steuerungssysteme 37 2.7.2 Steuerungsstrategien 40 2.8 Materialflusssystem charakterisierende Kennzahlen 46 3 Stand der Forschung und Technik 51 3.1 Erzeugung autokorrelierter Zufallszahlen 51 3.1.1 Autoregressive Prozesse nach der Box-Jenkins-Methode 52 3.1.2 Distorsions-Methoden 54 3.1.3 Copulae 56 3.1.4 Markovian Arrival Processes 58 3.1.5 Autoregressive Prozesse mit beliebiger Randverteilung 61 3.1.6 Weitere Verfahren 64 3.1.7 Bewertung der Verfahren und Werkzeuge zur Generierung 65 3.2 Wirken von Autokorrelation in Bediensystemen 68 3.3 Fallstudien ĂŒber Autokorrelation in logistischen Systemen 75 3.4 Ursachen von Autokorrelation in logistischen Systemen 89 3.5 Steuerung von Ankunftsprozessen an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen 96 3.6 Steuerung autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse 100 4 Steuerung autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen 105 4.1 Modellannahmen, Methodenauswahl, Vorbetrachtungen 106 4.2 First Come First Served und Longest Queue First 114 4.3 Highest Autocorrelated First 117 4.3.1 Grundprinzip 117 4.3.2 Bestimmung der Grenzwerte 127 4.3.3 Dynamische Bestimmung der Grenzwerte mittels „DyDeT“ 133 4.4 Highest Autocorrelated First in Netzwerken 150 4.5 Abschließende Bewertung und Diskussion 161 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 167 PrimĂ€rliteratur 172 Normen und Standards 194 Abbildungsverzeichnis 197 Tabellenverzeichnis 199 Pseudocodeverzeichnis 201 AbkĂŒrzungsverzeichnis 203 Symbolverzeichnis 205 ErklĂ€rung an Eides statt 209The work at hand presents a novel strategy to control arrival processes at merges. The main fields of application are intralogistics transport systems. Nevertheless, the findings can be adapted to any queuing system. In contrast to further research and development the thesis assumes autocorrelated arrival processes. Up until now, arrivals are usually assumed to be uncorrelated and there are no special treatments for autocorrelated arrivals in the context of merge controlling. However, surveys show with high reliability the existence of autocorrelated arrivals, resulting in some major impacts on the systems\' performance. In detail, 68 real-world datasets of different companies have been tested in the scope of this work, and in 95% of the cases arrival processes significantly show autocorrelations. Furthermore, the research shows that autocorrelation comes from the system itself. As a direct consequence it was observed that there were longer cycle times, more volatile system behavior, and a higher likelihood of deadlocks. In order to eliminate these effects at merges, this thesis introduces a new priority rule called HAFI-Highest Autocorrelated First. It assesses the arrivals\' priority in accordance to their autocorrelation. More concretely, priority initially is given in accordance to the First Come First Served scheme as long as specific direction-wise queue lengths are not exceeded. The particular thresholds are determined by the arrival processes\' autocorrelation, wherein the process with the highest volume gets priority. Furthermore, the thesis introduces a heuristic to automatically and dynamically determine the specific thresholds of HAFI-so called DyDeT. With a simulation study it can be shown that HAFI in connection with DyDeT, combines the advantages of the well-established priority rules First Come First Served and Longest Queue First. It also becomes obvious that the latter ones are not able to deal with the challenges of autocorrelated arrival processes. By applying HAFI cycling times and mean queue lengths on the level of First Come First Served can be achieved. These are about 10% lower than for Longest Queue First. Concomitantly and in contrast to First Come First Served, HAFI also shows well balanced queues like Longest Queue First. The results are robust against different levels of throughput and autocorrelation, respectively. Furthermore, the findings are independent from analyzing a single instance of a merge or several merges in a network.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Zielsetzung, wissenschaftlicher Beitrag 4 1.3 Konzeption 5 2 Grundlagen 7 2.1 Automatisierung, Steuern, Regeln 7 2.2 System, Modell 10 2.3 Stochastik, Statistik 14 2.3.1 Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen 14 2.3.2 Zufallszahlengeneratoren 21 2.3.3 Autokorrelation als Ähnlichkeits- bzw. AbhĂ€ngigkeitsmaß 24 2.4 Simulation 29 2.5 Warteschlangentheorie und -modelle 32 2.6 Materialflusssystem 35 2.7 Materialflusssteuerung 37 2.7.1 Steuerungssysteme 37 2.7.2 Steuerungsstrategien 40 2.8 Materialflusssystem charakterisierende Kennzahlen 46 3 Stand der Forschung und Technik 51 3.1 Erzeugung autokorrelierter Zufallszahlen 51 3.1.1 Autoregressive Prozesse nach der Box-Jenkins-Methode 52 3.1.2 Distorsions-Methoden 54 3.1.3 Copulae 56 3.1.4 Markovian Arrival Processes 58 3.1.5 Autoregressive Prozesse mit beliebiger Randverteilung 61 3.1.6 Weitere Verfahren 64 3.1.7 Bewertung der Verfahren und Werkzeuge zur Generierung 65 3.2 Wirken von Autokorrelation in Bediensystemen 68 3.3 Fallstudien ĂŒber Autokorrelation in logistischen Systemen 75 3.4 Ursachen von Autokorrelation in logistischen Systemen 89 3.5 Steuerung von Ankunftsprozessen an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen 96 3.6 Steuerung autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse 100 4 Steuerung autokorrelierter Ankunftsprozesse an ZusammenfĂŒhrungen 105 4.1 Modellannahmen, Methodenauswahl, Vorbetrachtungen 106 4.2 First Come First Served und Longest Queue First 114 4.3 Highest Autocorrelated First 117 4.3.1 Grundprinzip 117 4.3.2 Bestimmung der Grenzwerte 127 4.3.3 Dynamische Bestimmung der Grenzwerte mittels „DyDeT“ 133 4.4 Highest Autocorrelated First in Netzwerken 150 4.5 Abschließende Bewertung und Diskussion 161 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 167 PrimĂ€rliteratur 172 Normen und Standards 194 Abbildungsverzeichnis 197 Tabellenverzeichnis 199 Pseudocodeverzeichnis 201 AbkĂŒrzungsverzeichnis 203 Symbolverzeichnis 205 ErklĂ€rung an Eides statt 20

    Accurate Heavy Tail Distribution Approximation For Multifractal Network Traffic

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    In this paper, we propose the use of a Gaussian mixture model to represent the heavy tail distribution of modern network traffic traces. Another novel contribution of this work is the derivation of a general expression for loss probability estimation in a single server queueing system for traffic traces with multifractal characteristics. The efficiency of this statistical modeling and the accuracy of the estimated loss probabilities are experimentally validated by comparing with other four multifractal based approaches: two of them considering two specific heavy tail distributions (lognormal, Pareto) and the well-known MSQ (Multiscale Queue) and CDTSQ (Critical Dyadic Time-Scale Queue) methods.45317Leland, W., Taqqu, M., Willinger, W., Wilson, D., On The Self-Similar Nature of Ethernet Traffic (1994) IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2 (1), pp. 1-15. , extended version FebNorros, I., A Storage Model with Self-Similar Input (1994) Queueing, 16, pp. 387-396Park, K., Willinger, W., (2000) Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation, , John Wiley and Sons New YorkRiedi, R.H., Crouse, M.S., Ribeiro, V.J., Baraniuk, R.G., A Multifractal Wavelet Model with Application to Network Traffic (1999) IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. (Special Issue on Multiscale Signal Analysis and Modeling), 45, pp. 992-1018. , AprilVieira, F.H.T., Lee, L.L., Adaptive Wavelet Based Multifractal Model Applied to the Effective Bandwidth Estimation of Network Traffic Flows (2009) IET Communications, pp. 906-919. , JuneKrishna, P.M., Gadre, V.M., Desai, U.B., (2003) Multifractal Based Network Traffic Modeling, , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MAPeltier, R., Véhel, J.L., (1995) Multifractional Brownian Motion: Definition and Preliminary Results, , Technical Report 2695, INRIAVieira, F.H.T., Bianchi, G.R., Lee, L.L., A Network Traffic Prediction Approach Based on Multifractal Modeling (2010) J. High Speed Netw, 17 (2), pp. 83-96McLachlan, G., (1988) Mixture Models, , Marcel Dekker, New York, NYMartinez, W.L., Martinez, A.R., (2008) Computational Statistics Handbook with Matlab, , Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FloridaFisher, A., Calvet, L., Mandelbrot, B.B., (1997) Multifractality of Deutschmark/US Dollar Exchanges Rates, , Yale UniversitySeuret, S., Gilbert, A.C., Pointwise Hölder Exponent Estimation in Data Network Traffic ITC Specialist Semina, Monterey, 2000Stenico, J.W.G., Lee, L.L., Modelagem de Processos Multifractais Baseada em uma Nova Cascata Conservativa Multiplicativa (2011) XXIX Simpósio Brasileiro de TelecomunicaçÔes - SBRT 11, 1, pp. 1-6. , 10/2011, Curitiba, PR, BrasilStenico, J.W.G., Lee, L.L., A New Binomial Conservative Multiplicative Cascade Approach for Network Traffic Modeling 27th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications - IEEE AINA 2013Falconer, K., (2003) Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Foundations and Applications, , Second Edition Wiley2 Edition November 17Riedi, R.H., An improved multifractal formalism and self-similar measures (1995) Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 189, pp. 462-1190Asmussen, S., (2000) Ruin Probabilities, , World Sicientific, SingapuraBenes, V., (1963) General Stochastic Processes in Theory of Queues, , Reading, MA: Addison WesleyStenico, J.W.G., Ling, L.L., A Multifractal Based Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Approach for Network Traffic Flows IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 23-27 May 2010, pp. 1-6Stenico, J.W.G., Ling, L.L., A Control Admission Scheme for Pareto Arrivals with Multi-Scale Characteristics Proceedings of the International Workshop on Telecommunications - IWT 2011, pp. 220-224. , May - 2011, Rio de Janeiro - BrazilRibeiro, V.J., Riedi, R.H., Crouse, M.S., Baraniuk, R.G., Multiscale Queueing Analysis of Long-Range-Dependent Network Traffic IEEE INFOCOM 2000, pp. 1026-1035. , Tel Aviv, Israelhttp://ita.ee.lbl.gov/html/traces.htmlhttp://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/internet/traces.htmlhttp://crawdad.cs.dartmouth.edu/umd/sigcomm200

    Queuing Modeling Applied To Admission Control Of Network Traffic Flows Considering Multifractal Characteristics

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    In this paper, we propose an analytical expression for estimating the byte loss probability at a single server queue with multifractal traffic arrivals. Initially we address the theory concerning multifractal processes, especially the Hölder exponents of the multifractal traffic traces. Next, we focus our attention on the second order statistics for multifractal traffic processes. More specifically, we assume that an exponential model is adequate for representing the variance of the traffic process under different time scale aggregation. Then, we compare the performance of the proposed approach with some other relevant approaches. In addition, based on the results of the analysis, we propose a new admission control strategy that takes into account the multifractal traffic characteristics. We compare the proposed admission control strategy with some other widely used admission control methods. The simulation results show that the proposed loss probability estimation method is accurate, and the proposed admission control strategy is robust and efficient. © 2003-2012 IEEE.112749758Perlingeiro, F., Lee, L.L., A new bandwidth estimation approach for fractal processes (2005) IEEE Latin America Transactions, 3 (5), pp. 436-446. , DecemberStĂȘnico, J.W.G., Lee, L.L., A new binomial conservative multiplicative cascade approach for network traffic modeling (2013) 27th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications-IEEE AINA 2013, 1, pp. 794-801. , Mach 25-28 Barcelona, SpainLeland, W.E., Taqqu, M.S., Willinger, W., Wilson, D.V., On the self-similar nature of ethernet traffic (extended version) (1994) IEEE/ACM Transactions on NetworkingWillinger, W., Taqqu, M.S., Erramilli, A., (1996) A Bibliographical Guide to Self-similar Traffic and Performance Modeling for Modern HighSpeed Stochastic Networks: Theory and Applications", 4. , Royal Statistical Society Lecture Notes Series Oxford University PressPark, K., Willinger, W., (2000) Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation", , New York: WileyVieira, F.H.T., Bianchi, G.R., Lee, L.L., A network traffic prediction approach based on multifractal modeling (2010) J. 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