[[alternative]]Impact of Investing in Quality Improvement and Lead Time Reduction on the Integrated Vendor-Buyer Inventory Models

計畫編號：NSC93-2213-E032-011研究期間：200408~200507研究經費：481,000[[abstract]]過去二十年，日本運用即時生產系統（JIT）的成功經驗，已被廣泛的引起注意。 即時生產的主要目標是消除浪費，這可經由縮短前置時間、改善品質等努力來達成。本 研究，擬探討投資在品質改善和前置時間縮減對整合買賣雙方且允許欠撥的存貨模式之 影響。首先假設前置時間內的需求量服從常態分配；接著，放寬此假設，考慮分配不拘 但其平均數和標準差為已知的情形。我們將建立一個演算法，以幫助得到最適策略。最 後，以數值範例來說明求解的過程和結果。[[sponsorship]]行政院國家科學委員

A decision-making approach for investigating the potential effects of near sourcing on supply chain

Purpose - Near sourcing is starting to be regarded as a valid alternative to global sourcing in order to leverage supply chain (SC) responsiveness and economic efficiency. The present work proposes a decision-making approach developed in collaboration with a leading Italian retailer that was willing to turn the global store furniture procurement process into near sourcing. Design/methodology/approach - Action research is employed. The limitations of the traditional SC organisation and purchasing process of the company are first identified. On such basis, an inventory management model is applied to run spreadsheet estimates where different purchasing and SC management strategies are adopted to determine the solution providing the lowest cost performance. Finally, a risk analysis of the selected best SC arrangement is conducted and results are discussed. Findings - Switching from East Asian suppliers to continental vendors enables a SC reengineering that increases flexibility and responsiveness to demand uncertainty which, together with decreased transportation costs, assures economic viability, thus proving the benefits of near sourcing. Research limitations/implications - The decision-making framework provides a methodological roadmap to address the comparison between near and global sourcing policies and to calculate the savings of the former against the latter. The approach could include additional organisational aspects and cost categories impacting on near sourcing and could be adapted to investigate different products, services, and business sectors. Originality/value - The work provides SC researchers and practitioners with a structured approach for understanding what drives companies to adopt near sourcing and for quantitatively assessing its advantage

Setup Cost Reduction and Supply Chain Coordination in Case of Asymmetric Information

Screening contracts are a common approach to solve supply chain coordination problems under asymmetric information. Previous research in this area shows that asymmetric information leads to supply chain coordination deficits. We extend the standard framework of lotsizing decisions under asymmetric information by allowing investments in setup cost reduction. We find that asymmetric information leads to an overinvestment in setup cost reduction. Yet, the overall effect on supply chain performance is ambiguous. We show that these results holds for a wide variety of investment functions.

Critical Success Factors For Supplier Selection: An Update

For many organizations effective supplier evaluation and purchasing processes are of vital importance. As the pace of market globalization quickens, the number of potential suppliers and the number of factors to consider when selecting suppliers increases. In this paper we present the critical success factors (CSFs) for supplier selection reported in the literature emanating from the seminal work of Dickson and provide an update based on reviewing more than 110 research papers. Our study indicates significant change in the relative importance of various critical success factors in the research reported during 1966-1990 versus 1990-2001. Increased competition and globalization of markets facilitated by Internet-based technologies have combined to dramatically change the ranking of factors while introducing new criteria to the supplier selection process. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that supplier selection criteria will continue to change based on an expanded definition of excellence to include traditional aspects of performance (quality, delivery, price, service) in addition to non-traditional, evolving ones (just-in-time communication, process improvement, supply chain management)

[[alternative]]The Impact of Quality and Lead Time on the Supply Chain Model

計畫編號：NSC93-2416-H032-002研究期間：200408~200507研究經費：333,000[[abstract]]由於電腦網路技術的進步及實體運輸系統的發達，「供應鏈管理」近年來逐漸發展 成一重要的領域。供應鏈管理的基本原則是利用有效率的方法，整合價值鏈上的買賣雙 方，賣方能夠在適當的時間，生產適當數量的高品質商品，並在適當的期間內送達買方 手上，使得整體系統成本最小化。基於這個理念，供應鏈的上下游廠商之間必需要建立 策略聯盟關係，利用一些有效率的方法，提升商品、服務及資訊分享的水準，才能真正 發揮供應鏈營運的績效。 再者，長久以來，存貨模式大都是基於買方或賣方單方面的考量，來探討生產及訂 購策略等問題，如此往往使雙方資訊無法整合而造成損失。近年來，及時化的製造策略 受到廣泛利用，由於其專注於買方與賣方的整合，因此需要買方與賣方能夠充分合作， 方可利用雙方資訊的整合，訂定合理的長期採購合約，做到真正的及時化採購，從而降 低相關存貨系統的總成本。 本計劃是一為期二年的個別型計劃。本計劃之第一年主要是考慮當需求不確定，且 前置時間的長度可控制及買方收到的批量中含有不良品的情況下，如何整合買方和賣方 的製造與訂購策略，並提出兩個整合存貨模型。在本研究中，首先我們採全部檢查(full-lot inspection)的策略來檢查批量中的不良品項。針對此檢查策略，我們假設前置時間內的 需求量服從常態分配，其次探討前置時間內需求量的機率分配為未知的情形，並且利用 大中取小分配不拘程序求解。我們亦分別針對此兩種情形(前置時間內需求量的機率分 配為常態分配或分配不拘)建立求得最適生產、訂購策略之演算法，並利用數值範例說 明買賣雙方整合後的利益，確實是高於整合前的個別利益。同時，本研究也將分析各參 數變動對於決策所造成的影響，作為提供給管理者之重要參考依據。 第二年：我們進一步考慮利用部份檢查(sub-lot inspection)策略於買賣雙方之整合存 貨模式。此外，我們亦探討數量折扣(quantity discount)在供應鏈模式中之影響。如同第 一年計劃，假設前置時間內的需求量服從常態分配及機率分配為未知的情況。並分別對 存貨數學模型找出最佳解。針對上述的存貨模型，分別就聯合決策、買方主導與賣方主 導等三種情況推導買、賣方之最適批量;並探討在何種情況下的存貨總成本為最小。最 後，以數值範例來說明其使用之方法，並顯示其所能帶來的經濟效益。[[sponsorship]]行政院國家科學委員

The Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Supplier Selection for Specialty Paper Making Company, A case study in Anhui Welbon Gaosen Paper Co.,Ltd

Majority of enterprises choose to implement JIT procurement model to face the marketing fierce competition in recent decades. Single sourcing supplier is the main characteristic in JIT procurement, thence, selecting a suitable supplier become increasingly important. The purpose of the research is to select the most suitable supplier for the case company. More specifical, to identify supplier selection criteria for the case company, then exploiting a flexible analytic model which is AHP to help the case company choose a suitable supplier for implementing JIT Procurement, finally suggestions are given for case company in supplier relationship management, which based on implementing JIT Procurement. The study begins with literature review of purchasing behavior, supplier related theory and AHP method. Afterwards, qualitative research method of interview and quantitative research method of questionnaires were utilized to identify evaluation criteria and collect pair-wise comparison data for judgment matrixes. Finally, eigenvectors and eigenvalues of judgment matrixes were calculated for ranking priorities and all vectors were passed by consistency verification. Based on the result from previous research, supplier with the total highest score becomes the most suitable alternative. In addition, suggestions of supplier relationship management are given for the sake of success further implementation of JIT procurement in the case company.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Energy and Carbon Dioxide Impacts from Lean Logistics and Retailing Systems: A Discrete-event Simulation Approach for the Consumer Goods Industry

abstract: Consumer goods supply chains have gradually incorporated lean manufacturing principles to identify and reduce non-value-added activities. Companies implementing lean practices have experienced improvements in cost, quality, and demand responsiveness. However certain elements of these practices, especially those related to transportation and distribution may have detrimental impact on the environment. This study asks: What impact do current best practices in lean logistics and retailing have on environmental performance? The research hypothesis of this dissertation establishes that lean distribution of durable and consumable goods can result in an increased amount of carbon dioxide emissions, leading to climate change and natural resource depletion impacts, while lean retailing operations can reduce carbon emissions. Distribution and retailing phases of the life cycle are characterized in a two-echelon supply chain discrete-event simulation modeled after current operations from leading organizations based in the U.S. Southwest. By conducting an overview of critical sustainability issues and their relationship with consumer products, it is possible to address the environmental implications of lean logistics and retailing operations. Provided the waste reduction nature from lean manufacturing, four lean best practices are examined in detail in order to formulate specific research propositions. These propositions are integrated into an experimental design linking annual carbon dioxide equivalent emissions to: (1) shipment frequency between supply chain partners, (2) proximity between decoupling point of products and final customers, (3) inventory turns at the warehousing level, and (4) degree of supplier integration. All propositions are tested through the use of the simulation model. Results confirmed the four research propositions. Furthermore, they suggest synergy between product shipment frequency among supply chain partners and product management due to lean retailing practices. In addition, the study confirms prior research speculations about the potential carbon intensity from transportation operations subject to lean principles.Dissertation/ThesisPh.D. Sustainability 201