31,531 research outputs found
ATM automation: guidance on human technology integration
© Civil Aviation Authority 2016Human interaction with technology and automation is a key area of interest to industry and safety regulators alike. In February 2014, a joint CAA/industry workshop considered perspectives on present and future implementation of advanced automated systems. The conclusion was that whilst no additional regulation was necessary, guidance material for industry and regulators was required. Development of this guidance document was completed in 2015 by a working group consisting of CAA, UK industry, academia and industry associations (see Appendix B). This enabled a collaborative approach to be taken, and for regulatory, industry, and workforce perspectives to be collectively considered and addressed. The processes used in developing this guidance included: review of the themes identified from the February 2014 CAA/industry workshop1; review of academic papers, textbooks on automation, incidents and accidents involving automation; identification of key safety issues associated with automated systems; analysis of current and emerging ATM regulatory requirements and guidance material; presentation of emerging findings for critical review at UK and European aviation safety conferences. In December 2015, a workshop of senior management from project partner organisations reviewed the findings and proposals. EASA were briefed on the project before its commencement, and Eurocontrol contributed through membership of the Working Group.Final Published versio
Key issues in trade facilitation : summary of World Bank/European Union workshops in Dhaka and Shanghai in 2004
Trade facilitation is the ability of countries to deliver goods and services on time at the lowest possible cost. It has emerged as an important issue in unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral trade liberalization. Most countries have embarked on heroic reforms aimed at reducing transaction costs of trade. Thus, among the four new Singapore issues, there was least resistance from World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries to include trade facilitation in the Doha Round discussions. However, all countries are not equally placed in initiating reforms in the complex areas of customs procedures, transport and port logistics, harmonization of standards, and simplification of procedures. Trade facilitation reforms require a large volume of technical assistance for national capacity building. To facilitate what these reforms entail and what can be learned from cross-country experiences, the EU and the World Bank organized two workshops in Dhaka (South Asian countries) and Shanghai (East Asian countries) in 2004. Jointly they succeeded in bringing together renowned experts from multilateral organizations, selected bilateral donor community, the private sector, ex civil servants, and scholars. The participants were largely drawn from the relevant government departments and chambers of commerce and industry. This paper summarizes the main presentations in the workshops. It also indicates the areas that need more focus in future events. The paper should serve as a reference document for national policymakers and for future seminars and workshops on trade facilitation. It has also linked the presentations to the ongoing research work on trade facilitation.Common Carriers Industry,Transport and Trade Logistics,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Trade Policy
Increasing resilience of ATM networks using traffic monitoring and automated anomaly analysis
Systematic network monitoring can be the cornerstone for
the dependable operation of safety-critical distributed
systems. In this paper, we present our vision for informed
anomaly detection through network monitoring and
resilience measurements to increase the operators'
visibility of ATM communication networks. We raise the
question of how to determine the optimal level of
automation in this safety-critical context, and we present a
novel passive network monitoring system that can reveal
network utilisation trends and traffic patterns in diverse
timescales. Using network measurements, we derive
resilience metrics and visualisations to enhance the
operators' knowledge of the network and traffic behaviour,
and allow for network planning and provisioning based on
informed what-if analysis
Liable, but Not in Control? Ensuring Meaningful Human Agency in Automated Decision-Making Systems
Automated decision making is becoming the norm across large parts of society, which raises
interesting liability challenges when human control over technical systems becomes increasingly
limited. This article defines "quasi-automation" as inclusion of humans as a basic rubber-stamping
mechanism in an otherwise completely automated decision-making system. Three cases of quasi-
automation are examined, where human agency in decision making is currently debatable: self-
driving cars, border searches based on passenger name records, and content moderation on social
media. While there are specific regulatory mechanisms for purely automated decision making, these
regulatory mechanisms do not apply if human beings are (rubber-stamping) automated decisions.
More broadly, most regulatory mechanisms follow a pattern of binary liability in attempting to
regulate human or machine agency, rather than looking to regulate both. This results in regulatory
gray areas where the regulatory mechanisms do not apply, harming human rights by preventing
meaningful liability for socio-technical decision making. The article concludes by proposing criteria
to ensure meaningful agency when humans are included in automated decision-making systems,
and relates this to the ongoing debate on enabling human rights in Internet infrastructure
Ethical and Social Aspects of Self-Driving Cars
As an envisaged future of transportation, self-driving cars are being
discussed from various perspectives, including social, economical, engineering,
computer science, design, and ethics. On the one hand, self-driving cars
present new engineering problems that are being gradually successfully solved.
On the other hand, social and ethical problems are typically being presented in
the form of an idealized unsolvable decision-making problem, the so-called
trolley problem, which is grossly misleading. We argue that an applied
engineering ethical approach for the development of new technology is what is
needed; the approach should be applied, meaning that it should focus on the
analysis of complex real-world engineering problems. Software plays a crucial
role for the control of self-driving cars; therefore, software engineering
solutions should seriously handle ethical and social considerations. In this
paper we take a closer look at the regulative instruments, standards, design,
and implementations of components, systems, and services and we present
practical social and ethical challenges that have to be met, as well as novel
expectations for software engineering.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 2 table
An Evaluation of the Need and Cost of Selected Trade Facilitation Measures in India: Implications for the WTO Negotiations
The study finds that in case of Article X, which basically deals with the publication and administration of trade regulations, India has already implemented most of the requirements. However comprehensive efforts are required to implement, the provision related to single inquiry point which may require software compatibility among various agencies involved apart from addressing the infrastructural constraints. In case of GATT Article VIII which deals with issues related to fees and charges and import and export formalities and documentation requirements most of the provisions are in place but efforts are required to improve the border agency coordination. In case of Articles X and VIII, the minimum cost is estimated at around Re. 2,016 million. This includes a major expenditure on equipments and infrastructure (82 per cent). The installation of electronic cargo clearance units is a major requirement at most of the leading ports in India. In Article V there is lot to be expected from India, the infrastructure requirements, especially for the physical infrastructure, deserve huge and urgent funding. This includes additional efforts required to support and strengthen the level of communication at the border points. Most of the Land Customs Stations (LCSs) require better infrastructure. There is need to attach greater priority to include various provisions of GATT Article V in the bilateral trade and transit treaties especially with land locked countries for greater facilitation of transit trade.GATT, WTO, Trade Facilitation, India
The Development Impact of Information Technology in Trade Facilitation
The main purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview and context of the country studies on Information Technology (IT) for Trade Facilitation (TF) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).Impact of Information Techonology, Trade Facilitation, SMEs
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