Human Factor Issues in Remote Ship Operations: Lesson Learned by Studying Different Domains

The idea of remote controlling ships for operational and commercial uses has developed beyond concepts. Controlling and monitoring vessels from a distant location requires updating the concept and requirements of shore control centers (SCCs), where human operators control the fleet via cameras, GPS, and many other types of sensors. While remote ship operation promises to reduce operational and maintenance costs, while increasing loading capacity and safety, it also brings significant uncertainty related to both the human-machine and human-human interactions which will affect operations. Achieving safe, reliable, and efficient remote ship operations requires consideration of both technological, cultural, social and human factor aspects of the system. Indeed, operators will act as captain and crew remotely, from the SCC, introducing new types of hardware and software interactions. This paper provides an overview of human factor issues that may affect human-machine and human-human interactions in the course of remote ship operations. In doing so, the literature related to remote operations in the domains of shipping, aerial vehicles, cranes, train transportation, automobiles, and mining is reviewed. Findings revealed that human factor issues are likely to fall into 13 distinct groups based on the type of human interactions that take place in SCCs

A Behavior-Based Architecture for Realistic Autonomous Ship Control

Abstract — Game environments provide a good domain for serious simulations such as those used in training Navy conning officers. Currently, a typical training scenario requires multiple personnel to play each of the boats and thus is expensive. We propose an approach to addressing this issue by developing intelligent, autonomous controllers for each boat. Significant challenges toward achieving these goals are the realism of behavior exhibited by the automated boats and their realtime response to change. In this paper we describe a control architecture that enables the real-time response of boats and the repertoire of realistic behaviors we developed for this application. We demonstrate the capabilities of our system with experimental results