4 research outputs found

    A 7Gb/s 9.3mW 2-Tap Current-Integrating DFE Receiver

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    ์ตœ์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ ์ ์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์น˜์šฐ์นœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๋ˆˆ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๋””ํ…ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ˆˆํฌ๊ธฐ์ถ”์  ํด๋Ÿญ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณต์›ํšŒ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์ •๋•๊ท .์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ-๋น„ํŠธ ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ (BER)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ˆˆํฌ๊ธฐ ์ถ”์  CDR (MET-CDR)์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋œ CDR ์€ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ BER ์นด์šดํ„ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์ด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„ ์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ์น˜์šฐ์นœ ๋ฐ ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ (biased dLev) ์€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ปค์„œ ISI(pre-cursor ISI) ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ˆˆ ๋†’์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธํƒ€ T ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ˆˆ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋ˆˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” CDR ์€ ๋ˆˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 0 ์ด๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ˆˆ ๋†’์ด๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•œ ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ˆˆ ๋†’์ด์™€ ์ตœ์†Œ BER ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ ํ•จ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 28nm CMOS ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์นฉ์€ 23.5dB ์˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์†์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ 26Gb/s ์—์„œ ๋™์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 0.25UI ์˜ ์•„์ด ์˜คํ”„๋‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, 87mW ์˜ ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค.In this thesis, design of a maximum-eye-tracking CDR (MET-CDR) for minimum bit error rate (BER) is proposed. The proposed CDR does not require a BER coun-ter or an eye-opening monitor with any iterative procedure to find the near-optimal sampling phase. The biased data-level obtained from the weighted sum of error sampler outputs, UP and DN, extracts the actual eye height information in the presence of pre-cursor ISI. Two samplers operating on two slightly different tim-ings detect the current eye height and the polarity of the eye slope so that the CDR tracks the maximum eye height where the slope becomes zero. Measured results show that the sampling phase of the maximum eye height and that of the mini-mum BER match well. A prototype receiver fabricated in 28 nm CMOS process operates at 26 Gb/s with an eye-opening of 0.25 UI and consumes 87 mW while equalizing 23.5 dB of loss at 13 GHz.ABSTRACT I CONTENTS II LIST OF FIGURES IV LIST OF TABLES VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 4 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDS 5 2.1 RECEIVER FRONT-END 5 2.1.1 CHANNEL 7 2.1.2 EQUALIZER 17 2.1.3 CDR 32 2.2 PRIOR ARTS ON CLOCK RECOVERY 39 2.2.1 BB-CDR 39 2.2.2 BER-BASED CDR 41 2.2.3 EOM-BASED CDR 44 2.3 CONCEPT OF THE PROPOSED CDR 47 CHAPTER 3 MAXIMUM-EYE-TRACKING CDR WITH BIASED DATA-LEVEL AND EYE SLOPE DETECTOR 49 3.1 OVERVIEW 49 3.2 DESIGN OF MET-CDR 50 3.2.1 EYE HEIGHT INFORMATION FROM BIASED DATA-LEVEL 50 3.2.2 EYE SLOPE DETECTOR AND ADAPTATION ALGORITHM 60 3.2.3 ARCHITECTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION 67 3.2.4 VERIFICATION OF THE ALGORITHM 71 3.2.5 ANALYSIS ON THE BIASED DATA-LEVEL 76 3.3 EXPANSION OF MET-CDR TO PAM4 SIGNALING 84 3.3.1 MET-CDR WITH PAM4 84 3.3.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PAM4 87 CHAPTER 4 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 89 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 99 APPENDIX A MATLAB CODE FOR SIMULATING RECEIVER WITH MET-CDR 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 ์ดˆ ๋ก 113Docto

    ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ์‘ ์ œ์–ด ๋“ฑํ™”๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณด์šฐ-๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์—ผ์ œ์™„.In this thesis, designs of high-speed, low-power wireline receivers (RX) are explained. To be specific, the circuit techniques of DC offset cancellation, merged-summer DFE, stochastic Baud-rate CDR, and the phase detector (PD) for multi-level signal are proposed. At first, an RX with adaptive offset cancellation (AOC) and merged summer decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) is proposed. The proposed AOC engine removes the random DC offset of the data path by examining the random data stream's sampled data and edge outputs. In addition, the proposed RX incorporates a shared-summer DFE in a half-rate structure to reduce power dissipation and hardware complexity of the adaptive equalizer. A prototype chip fabricated in 40 nm CMOS technology occupies an active area of 0.083 mm2. Thanks to the AOC engine, the proposed RX achieves the BER of less than 10-12 in a wide range of data rates: 1.62-10 Gb/s. The proposed RX consumes 18.6 mW at 10 Gb/s over a channel with a 27 dB loss at 5 GHz, exhibiting a figure-of-merit of 0.068 pJ/b/dB. Secondly, a 40 nm CMOS RX with Baud-rate phase-detector (BRPD) is proposed. The RX includes two PDs: the BRPD employing the stochastic technique and the BRPD suitable for multi-level signals. Thanks to the Baud-rate CDRโ€™s advantage, by not using an edge-sampling clock, the proposed CDR can reduce the power consumption by lowering the hardware complexity. Besides, the proposed stochastic phase detector (SPD) tracks an optimal phase-locking point that maximizes the vertical eye opening. Furthermore, despite residual inter-symbol interference, proposed BRPD for multi-level signal secures vertical eye margin, which is especially vulnerable in the multi-level signal. Besides, the proposed BRPD has a unique lock point with an adaptive DFE, unlike conventional Mueller-Muller PD. A prototype chip fabricated in 40 nm CMOS technology occupies an active area of 0.24 mm2. The proposed PAM-4 RX achieves the bit-error-rate less than 10-11 in 48 Gb/s and the power efficiency of 2.42 pJ/b.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณ ์†, ์ €์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์„  ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ƒ์‡„, ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋œ ์„œ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑํ™”๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํด๋Ÿญ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณต์›๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ ์‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋œ ์„œ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ ์‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์—”์ง„์€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์—์ง€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ƒ์˜ ์˜คํ”„์…‹์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜ํ”„ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋œ ์„œ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑํ™”๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค. 40 nm CMOS ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์€ 0.083 mm2 ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ ์‘ ์˜คํ”„์…‹ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” 10-12 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ BER์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5GHz์—์„œ 27 dB์˜ ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ 10 Gb/s์˜ ์†๋„์—์„œ 18.6 mW๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 0.068 pJ/b/dB์˜ FoM์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” 40 nm CMOS ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํด๋Ÿญ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณต์›๊ธฐ์˜ ์žฅ์  ๋•๋ถ„์— ์—์ง€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ํด๋Ÿญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŒŒ์›Œ์˜ ์†Œ๋ชจ์™€ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง ์•„์ด ์˜คํ”„๋‹์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ณผ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์šฉ ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ณด์šฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ-๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑํ™”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฝ ์ง€์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ์€ 0.24mm2์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ PAM-4 ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” 48 Gb/s์˜ ์†๋„์—์„œ 10-11 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ BER์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , 2.42 pJ/b์˜ FoM์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 5 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUNDS 6 2.1 BASIC ARCHITECTURE IN SERIAL LINK 6 2.1.1 SERIAL COMMUNICATION 6 2.1.2 CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY 8 2.1.3 MULTI-LEVEL PULSE-AMPLITUDE MODULATION 10 2.2 EQUALIZER 12 2.2.1 EQUALIZER OVERVIEW 12 2.2.2 DECISION-FEEDBACK EQUALIZER 15 2.2.3 ADAPTIVE EQUALIZER 18 2.3 CLOCK RECOVERY 21 2.3.1 2X OVERSAMPLING PD ALEXANDER PD 22 2.3.2 BAUD-RATE PD MUELLER MULLER PD 25 CHAPTER 3 AN ADAPTIVE OFFSET CANCELLATION SCHEME AND SHARED SUMMER ADAPTIVE DFE 28 3.1 OVERVIEW 28 3.2 AN ADAPTIVE OFFSET CANCELLATION SCHEME AND SHARED-SUMMER ADAPTIVE DFE FOR LOW POWER RECEIVER 31 3.3 SHARED SUMMER DFE 37 3.4 RECEIVER IMPLEMENTATION 42 3.5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 45 CHAPTER 4 PAM-4 BAUD-RATE DIGITAL CDR 51 4.1 OVERVIEW 51 4.2 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 53 4.2.1 PROPOSED BAUD-RATE CDR ARCHITECTURE 53 4.2.2 PROPOSED ANALOG FRONT-END STRUCTURE 59 4.3 STOCHASTIC PHASE DETECTION PAM-4 CDR 64 4.3.1 PROPOSED STOCHASTIC PHASE DETECTION 64 4.3.2 COMPARISON OF THE STOCHASTIC PD WITH SS-MMPD 70 4.4 PHASE DETECTION FOR MULTI-LEVEL SIGNALING 73 4.4.1 PROPOSED BAUD-RATE PHASE DETECTOR FOR MULTI-LEVEL SIGNAL 73 4.4.2 DATA LEVEL AND DFE COEFFICIENT ADAPTATION 79 4.4.3 PROPOSED PHASE DETECTOR 84 4.5 MEASUREMENT RESULT 88 4.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPOSED STOCHASTIC BAUD-RATE PHASE DETECTION 94 4.5.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPOSED BAUD-RATE PHASE DETECTION FOR MULTI-LEVEL SIGNAL 97 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 ์ดˆ ๋ก 109๋ฐ•

    High-Speed Link Modeling: Analog/Digital Equalization and Modulation Techniques

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    High-speed serial input-output (I/O) link has required advanced equalization and modulation techniques to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multi-Gb/s signaling over band-limited channels. Increasing demands for transceiver power and area complexity has leveraged on-going interest in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based link, which allows for robust equalization and flexible adaptation to advanced signaling. With diverse options in ISI control techniques, link performance analysis for complicated transceiver architectures is very important. This work presents advanced statistical modeling for ADC-based link, performance comparison of existing modulation and equalization techniques, and proposed hybrid ADC-based receiver that achieves further power saving in digital equalization. Statistical analysis precisely estimates high-speed link margins at given implementation constrains and low target bit-error-rate (BER), typically ranges from 1e-12 to 1e-15, by applying proper statistical bound of noise and distortion. The proposed statistical ADC-based link modeling utilizes bounded probability density function (PDF) of limited quantization distortion (4-6 bits) through digital feed-forward and decision feedback equalizers (FFE-DFE) to improve low target BER estimation. Based on statistical modeling, this work surveys the impact of insufficient equalization, jitter and crosstalk on modulation selection among two and four level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-2 and PAM-4, respectively) and duobinary, and ADC resolution reduction performance by partial analog equalizer (PAE). While the information of channel loss at effective Nyquist frequency and signaling constellation loss initially guides modulation selection, the statistical analysis results show that PAM-4 best tolerates jitter and crosstalk, and duobinary requires the least equalization complexity. Meanwhile, despite robust digital equalization, high-speed ADC complexity and power consumption is still a critical bottleneck, so that PAE is necessitated to reduce ADC resolution requirement. Statistical analysis presents up to 8-bit resolution is required in 12.5Gb/s data communications at 46dB of channel loss without PAE, while 5-bit ADC is enough with 3-tap FFE PAE. For optimal ADC resolution reduction by PAE, digital equalizer complexity also increases to provide enough margin tolerating significant quantization distortion. The proposed hybrid receiver defines unreliable signal thresholds by statistical analysis and selectively takes additional digital equalization to save potentially increasing dynamic power consumption in digital. Simulation results report that the hybrid receiver saves at least 64% of digital equalization power with 3-tap FFE PAE in 12.5Gb/s data rate and up to 46dB loss channels. Finally, this work shows the use of embedded-DFE ADC in the hybrid receiver is limited by error propagation
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