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    A low noise, sub-1ppm/oC piecewise second-order curvature compensated bandgap reference for high resolution ADC

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ™˜.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ analog to digital converter๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ € ์žก์Œ, ๊ณ  ์ •๋ฐ€ bandgap voltage reference๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. reference ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(temperature coefficient)์™€ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ Bandgap reference ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ„ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” BJT Emitter-Base์ „์••์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , bandgap core์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” Error amplifier์˜ DC offset์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ process variation์—์˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ bandgap reference๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์œ„ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. BJT Emitter-Base์ „์••์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2์ฐจ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” compensation ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  bandgap core์— ํ˜๋ ค์ฃผ์–ด ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Compensation ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ current subtraction ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ current squaring ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์œ„ ๋™์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ process variation์— ๋‘”๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์งธ๋กœ process variation์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด trimming resistor๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ error amplifier์— chopping์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Error amplifier DC offset์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Bandgap reference์˜ ์ € ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ Error amplifier์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ chopping ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ๋‹ค. Chopping ๋™์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ ๋Œ€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์กฐ๋œ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ๋Œ€์—ญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ์€ RC filter๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ bandgap reference๋Š” ์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ 0.13um CMOS ๊ณต์ •์˜ 3.3V ์ „์› ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ ˆ์ด์•„์›ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” 0.0534mm2์ด๋‹ค. Post layout simulation ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ bandgap reference์˜ -40ยฐC๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 125ยฐC ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 0.64ppm/ยฐC์ด๋‹ค. 0.1Hz๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10Hz์‚ฌ์ด์˜ integrated noise๋Š” ์•ฝ 2.7uVrms์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ bandgap reference๋Š” ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 44uA์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค.In this thesis a low noise and high precision bandgap reference is presented. One of the most important characteristics of reference circuit for analog to digital converter with high resolution is low temperature drift and low noise. The proposed bandgap reference improves these two characteristics. To achieve low temperature coefficient(TC), non-linear temperature dependence of emitter-base voltage of bipolar transistor should be compensated. Also, degradation of TC due to dc offset of the error amplifier and process variation is another concern. The proposed bandgap reference compensates these factors by utilizing various circuit technique. Because non-linear temperature dependence of bipolar transistor has a concave shape with temperature, second order curvature compensation current is generated by using current subtraction circuit and current squaring circuit and injected into bandgap core. The current subtraction and squaring operation is tolerant to process variation. To achieve low temperature coefficient regardless of process variation, PTAT trimming is utilized to compensate added linear temperature dependence. At last, to remove dc offset of the error amplifier, chopping technique is applied to the error amplifier. Ripple and up-modulated low frequency caused by chopping operation is removed through RC-filter. The proposed bandgap reference is designed in 0.13um standard CMOS process. Layout size of the bandgap reference is 0.0534mm2. Post layout simulation shows that TC of the bandgap reference from -40ยฐC to 125 ยฐC is 0.64ppm/ยฐC. In addition, integrated noise from 0.1Hz to 10Hz is about 2.7uVrms. The proposed bandgap reference consumes 44uA at room temperature์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ bandgap reference์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ. 4 1. bipolar ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ 4 2. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ bandgap voltage reference์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ 7 3. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ bandgap current reference์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ 9 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ bandgap reference์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„ 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ 12 1. error amplifier dc offset 14 2. emitter-base ์ „์••์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ 16 3. bipolar ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ด๋“์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ 17 4. bipolar ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ์˜จ๋„ ์˜์กด์„ฑ 19 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ Bandgap reference์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์žก์Œ. 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ € ์žก์Œ ๊ณ  ์ •๋ฐ€ bandgap voltage reference 22 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ bandgap reference์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ 22 1. PTAT์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํšŒ๋กœ 23 2. reference ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํšŒ๋กœ 24 3. bandgap core 25 ์ œ 2์ ˆ Curvature compensation technique 25 ์ œ 3์ ˆ Noise reduction technique 30 ์ œ 4์ ˆ Resistor trimming 32 ์ œ 5์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ํŒŒ๋ผ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” 33 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Layout ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ Layout 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  40 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๋ถ€๋ก current squaring ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ. 41 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 43 Abstract 43Maste

    A 4.6-ppm/ยฐC High-Order Curvature Compensated Bandgap Reference for BMIC

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