올 디지털 클럭 및 데이터 복원 회로를 적용한 고속 광 수신기 설계

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2016. 8. 정덕균.This thesis presents a 22- to 26.5-Gb/s optical receiver with an all-digital clock and data recovery (ADCDR) fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. The receiver consists of an optical front-end and a half-rate bang-bang clock and data recovery circuit. The optical front-end achieves low power consumption by using inverter-based amplifiers and realizes sufficient bandwidth by applying several bandwidth extension techniques. In addition, in order to minimize additional jitter at the front-end, not only magnitude and bandwidth but also phase delay responses are considered. The ADCDR employs an LC quadrature digitally-controlled oscillator (LC-QDCO) to achieve a high phase noise figure-of-merit at tens of gigahertz. The recovered clock jitter is 1.28 psrms and the measured jitter tolerance exceeds the tolerance mask specified in IEEE 802.3ba. The receiver sensitivity is 106 and 184 μApk-pk for a bit error rate of 10−12 at data rates of 25 and 26.5 Gb/s, respectively. The entire receiver chip occupies an active die area of 0.75 mm2 and consumes 254 mW at a data rate of 26.5 Gb/s. The energy efficiencies of the front-end and entire receiver at 26.5 Gb/s are 1.35 and 9.58 pJ/bit, respectively.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 5 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF OPTICAL FRONT-END 7 2.1 OVERVIEW 7 2.2 BACKGROUND ON OPTICAL FRONT-END 9 2.2.1 PHOTODIODE 9 2.2.2 TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPLIFIER 11 2.2.3 POST AMPLIFIER 17 2.2.4 SHUNT INDUCTIVE PEAKING 25 2.3 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 29 2.3.1 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 29 2.3.2 TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPLIFIER 31 2.3.3 POST AMPLIFIER 34 2.4 NOISE ANALYSIS 43 2.4.1 PHOTODIODE 43 2.4.2 OPTICAL FRONT-END 44 2.4.3 SENSITIVITY 46 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF ADCDR FOR OPTICAL RECEIVER 48 3.1 OVERVIEW 48 3.2 BACKGROUND ON PLL-BASED ADCDR 51 3.2.1 PHASE DETECTOR 51 3.2.2 DIGITAL LOOP FILTER 54 3.2.3 DIGITALLY-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR 56 3.2.4 ANALYSIS OF BANG-BANG ADCDR 67 3.3 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 70 3.3.1 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE 70 3.3.2 PHASE DETECTION LOGIC 75 3.3.3 DIGITAL LOOP FILTER 77 3.3.4 LC QUADRATURE DCO 78 CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 82 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY 92 초록 101Docto

Design of High-Speed CMOS Interface Circuits for Optical Communications

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2017. 8. 정덕균.The bandwidth requirement of wireline communications has increased ex-ponentially because of the ever-increasing demand for data centers and high-performance computing systems. However, it becomes difficult to satisfy the requirement with legacy electrical links which suffer from frequency-dependent losses due to skin effect, dielectric loss, channel reflections, and crosstalk, resulting in a severe bandwidth limitation. In order to overcome this challenge, it is necessary to introduce optical communication technology, which has been mainly used for long-reach communications, such as long-haul net-works and metropolitan area networks, to the medium- and short-reach com-munication systems. However, there still remain important issues to be resolved to facilitate the adoption of the optical technologies. The most critical challeng-es are the energy efficiency and the cost competitiveness as compared to the legacy copper-based electrical communications. One possible solution is silicon photonics that has long been investigated by a number of research groups. De-spite inherent incompatibility of silicon with the photonic world, silicon pho-tonics is promising and is the only solution that can leverage the mature CMOS technologies. In this thesis, we summarize the current status of silicon photonics and pro-vide the prospect of the optical interconnection. We also present key circuit techniques essential to the implementation of high-speed and low-power optical receivers. And then, we propose optical receiver architectures satisfying the aforementioned requirements with novel circuit techniques.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION 6 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 7 2.1 OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL LINK 7 2.2 SILICON PHOTONICS 11 2.3 HYBRID INTEGRATION 22 2.4 SILICON-BASED PHOTODIODES 28 2.4.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 28 2.4.2 SILICON PD 29 2.4.3 GERMANIUM PD 32 2.4.4 INTEGRATION WITH WAVEGUIDE 33 CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT TECHNIQUES FOR OPTICAL RECEIVER 35 3.1 BASIS OF TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPLIFIER 35 3.2 TOPOLOGY OF TIA 39 3.2.1 RESISTOR-BASED TIA 39 3.2.2 COMMON-GATE-BASED TIA 41 3.2.3 FEEDBACK-BASED TIA 44 3.2.4 INVERTER-BASED TIA 47 3.2.5 INTEGRATING RECEIVER 48 3.3 BANDWIDTH EXTENSION TECHNIQUES 49 3.3.1 INDUCTOR-BASED TECHNIQUE 49 3.3.2 EQUALIZATION 61 3.4 CLOCK AND DATA RECOVERY CIRCUITS 66 3.4.1 CDR BASIC 66 3.4.2 CDR EXAMPLES 68 CHAPTER 4 LOW-POWER OPTICAL RECEIVER FRONT-END 73 4.1 OVERVIEW 73 4.2 INVERTER-BASED TIA WITH RESISTIVE FEEDBACK 74 4.3 INVERTER-BASED TIA WITH RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE FEEDBACK 81 4.4 CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION 89 4.5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 93 CHAPTER 5 BANDWIDTH- AND POWER-SCALABLE OPTICAL RECEIVER FRONT-END 96 5.1 OVERVIEW 96 5.2 BANDWIDTH AND POWER SCALABILITY 97 5.3 GM STABILIZATION 98 5.4 OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER 104 5.5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 111 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 초 록 131Docto