5,859 research outputs found
Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota.
Periodontitis has been implicated as a risk factor for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although bacteremias from dental plaque and/or elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines emanating from the inflamed gingiva are suspected mechanisms linking periodontitis and these diseases, direct evidence is lacking. We hypothesize that disturbances of the gut microbiota by swallowed bacteria induce a metabolic endotoxemia leading metabolic disorders. To investigate this hypothesis, changes in the gut microbiota, insulin and glucose intolerance, and levels of tissue inflammation were analysed in mice after oral administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathogens. Pyrosequencing revealed that the population belonging to Bacteroidales was significantly elevated in P. gingivalis-administered mice which coincided with increases in insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. In P. gingivalis-administered mice blood endotoxin levels tended to be higher, whereas gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum was significantly decreased. These results provide a new paradigm for the interrelationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases
Generating a state -design by diagonal quantum circuits
We investigate protocols for generating a state -design by using a fixed
separable initial state and a diagonal-unitary -design in the computational
basis, which is a -design of an ensemble of diagonal unitary matrices with
random phases as their eigenvalues. We first show that a diagonal-unitary
-design generates a -approximate state -design, where is
the number of qubits. We then discuss a way of improving the degree of
approximation by exploiting non-diagonal gates after applying a
diagonal-unitary -design. We also show that it is necessary and sufficient
to use -qubit gates with random phases to generate a
diagonal-unitary -design by diagonal quantum circuits, and that each
multi-qubit diagonal gate can be replaced by a sequence of multi-qubit
controlled-phase-type gates with discrete-valued random phases. Finally, we
analyze the number of gates for implementing a diagonal-unitary -design by
{\it non-diagonal} two- and one-qubit gates. Our results provide a concrete
application of diagonal quantum circuits in quantum informational tasks.Comment: ver. 1: 15 pages, 1 figures. ver.2: 16 pages, 2 figures, major
changes, we corrected a mistake, which slightly changes a main conclusion,
added a new result, and improved a presentation. ver.3: 11 pages, 2 figures,
published versio
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