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    An Absence of Choice: The sexual exploitation of North Korean women in China

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    This document is part of a digital collection provided by the Martin P. Catherwood Library, ILR School, Cornell University, pertaining to the effects of globalization on the workplace worldwide. Special emphasis is placed on labor rights, working conditions, labor market changes, and union organizing.ASI_2005_HT_China_Absence_of_Choice.pdf: 650 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

    Informatics Research Institute (IRIS) October 2005 newsletter

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    National Treatment on Internal Taxation : Revisiting GATT Article III :2

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    This paper examines GATT Article III :2 on national treatment on internal taxation. The fact that as of 1 January 2008, national treatment violations in the goods sector have been challenged in nearly 29% of the WTO complaints points to the great importance of the national treatment principle in the multilateral trading system on the one hand, and temptation of WTO Members to protect domestic production through internal taxes and regulations on the other. Cases involving de facto discrimination against foreign goods will increase in number given the sophistication of governments protectionist policy. The examination of a claim on a discriminatory internal tax requires a multi-tiered test of several issues including likeness, discriminatory threshold and protective application of the tax measure. This test applies differently depending on what sentence of Article III :2 is at issue. The controversial aim-and-effect approach is not relevant to the determination of likeness, but can still be utilized, to some extent, in examining the protective application of the measure concerned. Some discrepancy in the Appellate Bodys approach to the subjective intent issue seems to leave some room for referring to government statements in future analyses of protective application. Korea and its FTA partners have affirmed their adherence to GATT Article III. When the FTA parties enter into a dispute over national treatment, a problem as to the jurisdiction of WTO panels over FTAs GATT-plus provisions on national treatment may arise. Irrespective of what dispute settlement forum is resorted to, GATTplus provisions, as a lex posterior, would prevail over the corresponding provisions of Article III. Another problem is that FTA panels are not legally constrained by WTO jurisprudence. In this regard, it is suggested that FTA panels, wherever possible, follow the WTO interpretations of Article III to secure consistent and predictable application of the national treatment rule.Non-discrimination, national treatment, Internal Taxation, Like Product, Directly Competitive or Substitutable Product

    The Faculty Notebook, September 2007

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    The Faculty Notebook is published periodically by the Office of the Provost at Gettysburg College to bring to the attention of the campus community accomplishments and activities of academic interest. Faculty are encouraged to submit materials for consideration for publication to the Associate Provost for Faculty Development. Copies of this publication are available at the Office of the Provost

    A Comparative Study on the Liability of the Carrier under the Contracts for the Carriage of Goods by Sea

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    21์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก, ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ž์›, ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ž์›, ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ™”, ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ•ด์–‘๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์€ ๋‚ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์˜ 90%์ด์ƒ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šด์†ก ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์šด์†ก์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์€ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด์†ก, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์šด์ž„, ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ์šด์†ก ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์šด์†ก์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋‹คํˆผ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ๊ทœ์น™(Hague Rules), ํ—ค์ด๊ทธ-๋น„์Šค๋น„๊ทœ์น™(Hague-Visby Rules), ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ทธ๊ทœ์น™(Hamburg Rules) ๋ฐ ๋กœํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด๊ทœ์น™(Rotterdam Rules)์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์•ฝ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ•์€ 1993๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์žฅ์— ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋„ ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ํ•ด์šด์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ’ˆ์˜ 90%์ด์ƒ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šด์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์šด์—…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์  ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋น„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ํ ๊ฒฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์›์น™, ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ์˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›์น™์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ํ™•์ •์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์›์น™, ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‚ฌ์œ  ๋ฐ ์ž…์ฆ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ œํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ํฌ์žฅ๋‹น ์ฑ…์ž„์ œํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ6์žฅ์€ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ ์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฒ•์ œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹คChapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 5 1.3 Methods of the Study 8 Chapter 2 Overview of Carrier's Liability 10 2.1 The Basis of Carrier's Liability 10 2.2 Introducing Carrier's Liability under International Conventions 15 2.3 Introducing Carrier's Liability under National Laws 30 2.4 The Basic Principle under the Chinese Maritime Code 36 Chapter 3 Definition of Carrier as the Subject of Liability 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Definition and Scope of the Carrier 42 3.3 Relevant Provisions as to Subject of Liability in the Korean ... 51 3.4 Relevant Provisions as to Subject of Liability in the Chinese ... 56 3.5 Methods of Identifying the Carrier 59 3.6 The New Method under the Rotterdam Rules as to the Identity ... 70 Chapter 4 The Principle of Liability of Carrier 75 4.1 The Principle of Liability 75 4.2 The Period of Responsibility 91 4.3 Exception from Liability 126 4.4 Allocation of Burden of Proof 140 Chapter 5 The Limitation of Carrier's Liability 150 5.1 Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law 150 5.2 Provisions as to Package Limitation in International Conventions 157 5.3 Provisions With Respect to Package Limitation in Other Countries 170 5.4 Provisions as to Package Limitation under the Chinese Maritime Code 181 5.5 The Loss of Benefit of Limitation of Liability 188 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Suggestions 198 6.1 Conclusions 198 6.2 Suggestions 205 References 208 Acknowledgements 21

    A Comparative Study of Trade Dress in the U.S. and South Korea: Rethinking on the Laws and Precedents in the Apple v. Samsung

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    Trade dress originally included the packaging or dressing of products, however in this time it has been extended to put together the impression of design of products. Product configuration, the design and shape of the product itself, may also be considered a form of trade dress. The Lanham Act protects trade dress if it serves the same source-identifying function as a trademark. In U.S., trade dress was developed continuously for a long time and some significant case suggested guidelines reflecting the modern industry. In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v Samara Brothers, Inc., or TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., the Supreme Court delivered certain idea of trade dress to protect consumersโ€™ right to choose and producersโ€™ reputation as a intellectual property. In South Korea, the history of trade dress is much shorter than U.S. and the way to approach to issue of trade dress also pretty different. However South Korea also accepted many concepts of trade dress from U.S. and embraced their way. This article will compare the trade dress system between U.S. and South Korea and examine the peculiarity for both countriesโ€™ system. Especially Apple v. Samsung, will be an interesting example to compare the each countryโ€™s standards for trade dress. Finally this article will provide suggestion to help trade dress policy for a productโ€™s configuration under current trademark law and unfair competition law

    A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Framework and Case Law on Reverse Payment Settlement Agreement in the United States and South Korea

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    In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark decision, FTC v. Actavis, in which it ordered the lower courts to apply the rule of reason to โ€œreverse payment settlement agreements.โ€ As the leading jurisdiction for antitrust and intellectual property laws, the United States is once again poised to influence foreign jurisdictions on the issue of reverse payment settlement agreements. In this context, South Korea presents a ripe opportunity for a comparative study because it recently adopted a patent-approval linkage system under which reverse payment settlement agreements will likely become a contentious issue. In particular, the South Korean Supreme Courtโ€™s recent case, GlaxoSmithKline v. Korea Fair Trade Commission, offers valuable insight into how Korean courts will likely approach this issue. This Comment contends that the U.S. case law, including Actavis, offers important insights for the Korean legal community and that Koreaโ€™s experiment has potential to offering a fresh approach in tackling reverse payment settlement agreements
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