1,321 research outputs found
An Absence of Choice: The sexual exploitation of North Korean women in China
This document is part of a digital collection provided by the Martin P. Catherwood Library, ILR School, Cornell University, pertaining to the effects of globalization on the workplace worldwide. Special emphasis is placed on labor rights, working conditions, labor market changes, and union organizing.ASI_2005_HT_China_Absence_of_Choice.pdf: 650 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020
National Treatment on Internal Taxation : Revisiting GATT Article III :2
This paper examines GATT Article III :2 on national treatment on internal taxation. The fact that as of 1 January 2008, national treatment violations in the goods sector have been challenged in nearly 29% of the WTO complaints points to the great importance of the national treatment principle in the multilateral trading system on the one hand, and temptation of WTO Members to protect domestic production through internal taxes and regulations on the other. Cases involving de facto discrimination against foreign goods will increase in number given the sophistication of governments protectionist policy. The examination of a claim on a discriminatory internal tax requires a multi-tiered test of several issues including likeness, discriminatory threshold and protective application of the tax measure. This test applies differently depending on what sentence of Article III :2 is at issue. The controversial aim-and-effect approach is not relevant to the determination of likeness, but can still be utilized, to some extent, in examining the protective application of the measure concerned. Some discrepancy in the Appellate Bodys approach to the subjective intent issue seems to leave some room for referring to government statements in future analyses of protective application. Korea and its FTA partners have affirmed their adherence to GATT Article III. When the FTA parties enter into a dispute over national treatment, a problem as to the jurisdiction of WTO panels over FTAs GATT-plus provisions on national treatment may arise. Irrespective of what dispute settlement forum is resorted to, GATTplus provisions, as a lex posterior, would prevail over the corresponding provisions of Article III. Another problem is that FTA panels are not legally constrained by WTO jurisprudence. In this regard, it is suggested that FTA panels, wherever possible, follow the WTO interpretations of Article III to secure consistent and predictable application of the national treatment rule.Non-discrimination, national treatment, Internal Taxation, Like Product, Directly Competitive or Substitutable Product
The Faculty Notebook, September 2007
The Faculty Notebook is published periodically by the Office of the Provost at Gettysburg College to bring to the attention of the campus community accomplishments and activities of academic interest. Faculty are encouraged to submit materials for consideration for publication to the Associate Provost for Faculty Development. Copies of this publication are available at the Office of the Provost
A Comparative Study on the Liability of the Carrier under the Contracts for the Carriage of Goods by Sea
21์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ํด์์ ์๋์ด๋ค. ํด์์ ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ์ตํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ์ฒ์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ต์ ํด์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ค. ํด์์ ํด์์ด์ก, ์๋์์, ๊ด๋ฌผ์์, ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฑ์ ์๋ฏธ์์ ์ธ๋ฅ์๊ฒ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ, ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ธ์ํ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ํด์์ด์ก ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ํด์๊ด๋ จ ํ๋๋ค์ ๋ ๋ง๋ค ํ๋๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ์ 90%์ด์์ด ํด์์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๋๋ ์ด์ก ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ํด์๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ธ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ํด์๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด์ก์ ํด์๊ธฐ์
์ ํต์ฌ์ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํด์์ด์ก์ ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ก, ๋ฎ์ ์ด์, ๋๋์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ก ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ํด์์ด์ก์ ๊ตญ์ ์ด์ก์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ํด์์ด์ก์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํด์์ด์ก์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๋คํผ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๊ณ ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ๋ด๋ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ํด๊ฒฐํ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ํค์ด๊ทธ๊ท์น(Hague Rules), ํค์ด๊ทธ-๋น์ค๋น๊ท์น(Hague-Visby Rules), ํจ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ทธ๊ท์น(Hamburg Rules) ๋ฐ ๋กํ
๋ฅด๋ด๊ท์น(Rotterdam Rules)์ด๋ค. ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ด๋ค ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋์์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ท์ ๋ค๋ ์ญ์ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ์ ํด์๋ฒ์ 1993๋
๋ถํฐ ์ํ๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ค๊ตญํด์๋ฒ ์ 4์ฅ์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ดํ ๊ท์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ๊ธ์ํ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉด์ ํด์์ด์ก์ ์ค์์ฑ๋ ์ ์ ๋ ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ํจ๊ป, ํด์ด์
๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , ์ค๊ตญ์ ์์
ํ ๋ฐ ์์ถํ์ 90%์ด์์ด ํด์์ ํตํด ์ด์ก๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํด์ด์
์ ๋ฐ์ ์ํค๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ง์ถ์ด ๋์๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ์์ญ์์ ๋ฒ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ์ ๋นํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํด์๋ฒ์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ํ ๊ฒฐ์ด ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ์์น, ์ฑ
์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฑ
์์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก์์ ์ด์ก์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ดํ ๊น์ด ์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ณ ๋ํ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ 1์ฅ์์๋ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํด์ ์์ ํ์๋ค.
์ 2์ฅ์์๋ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ์ฆ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋
, ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฌด ๋ฐ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ์์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ดํ ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ๊ตญ๋ฒ์์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์์น์ ์์ ํ์๋ค.
์ 3์ฅ์์๋ ์ฑ
์์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก์์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋น๊ต๋ฒ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ์ฑ
์์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ๋ฒ์์ ๊ดํด ์ค๋ช
์ ํ๊ณ , ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ ๋น๊ต๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
์ 4์ฅ์์๋ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ์์น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฑ
์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ์ฆ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ์์น, ์ฑ
์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ, ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ๋ฉด์ฑ
์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ์
์ฆ์ฑ
์์ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ํด์๋ฒ์ ํฌํจํ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
์ 5์ฅ์์๋ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ํ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต๋ฒ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ์ฆ ํด์๋ฒ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์์ ์ฑ
์์ ํ๊ณผ ํฌ์ฅ๋น ์ฑ
์์ ํ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ธํ๊ฒ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
์ 6์ฅ์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์์ฝํ์ฌ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ดํ ๋น๊ต๋ฒ์ ๊ฒํ ์ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ํฅํ ์ค๊ตญ ํด์๋ฒ์์ ํด์์ด์ก์ธ์ ์ฑ
์๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ์๋คChapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of the Study 1
1.2 Scope of the Study 5
1.3 Methods of the Study 8
Chapter 2 Overview of Carrier's Liability 10
2.1 The Basis of Carrier's Liability 10
2.2 Introducing Carrier's Liability under International Conventions 15
2.3 Introducing Carrier's Liability under National Laws 30
2.4 The Basic Principle under the Chinese Maritime Code 36
Chapter 3 Definition of Carrier as the Subject of Liability 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Definition and Scope of the Carrier 42
3.3 Relevant Provisions as to Subject of Liability in the Korean ... 51
3.4 Relevant Provisions as to Subject of Liability in the Chinese ... 56
3.5 Methods of Identifying the Carrier 59
3.6 The New Method under the Rotterdam Rules as to the Identity ... 70
Chapter 4 The Principle of Liability of Carrier 75
4.1 The Principle of Liability 75
4.2 The Period of Responsibility 91
4.3 Exception from Liability 126
4.4 Allocation of Burden of Proof 140
Chapter 5 The Limitation of Carrier's Liability 150
5.1 Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law 150
5.2 Provisions as to Package Limitation in International Conventions 157
5.3 Provisions With Respect to Package Limitation in Other Countries 170
5.4 Provisions as to Package Limitation under the Chinese Maritime Code 181
5.5 The Loss of Benefit of Limitation of Liability 188
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Suggestions 198
6.1 Conclusions 198
6.2 Suggestions 205
References 208
Acknowledgements 21
A Comparative Study of Trade Dress in the U.S. and South Korea: Rethinking on the Laws and Precedents in the Apple v. Samsung
Trade dress originally included the packaging or dressing of products, however in this time it has been extended to put together the impression of design of products. Product configuration, the design and shape of the product itself, may also be considered a form of trade dress. The Lanham Act protects trade dress if it serves the same source-identifying function as a trademark. In U.S., trade dress was developed continuously for a long time and some significant case suggested guidelines reflecting the modern industry. In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v Samara Brothers, Inc., or TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., the Supreme Court delivered certain idea of trade dress to protect consumersโ right to choose and producersโ reputation as a intellectual property.
In South Korea, the history of trade dress is much shorter than U.S. and the way to approach to issue of trade dress also pretty different. However South Korea also accepted many concepts of trade dress from U.S. and embraced their way. This article will compare the trade dress system between U.S. and South Korea and examine the peculiarity for both countriesโ system. Especially Apple v. Samsung, will be an interesting example to compare the each countryโs standards for trade dress. Finally this article will provide suggestion to help trade dress policy for a productโs configuration under current trademark law and unfair competition law
A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Framework and Case Law on Reverse Payment Settlement Agreement in the United States and South Korea
In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a landmark decision, FTC v.
Actavis, in which it ordered the lower courts to apply the rule of reason to
โreverse payment settlement agreements.โ As the leading jurisdiction for
antitrust and intellectual property laws, the United States is once again poised
to influence foreign jurisdictions on the issue of reverse payment settlement
agreements. In this context, South Korea presents a ripe opportunity for a
comparative study because it recently adopted a patent-approval linkage system
under which reverse payment settlement agreements will likely become a
contentious issue. In particular, the South Korean Supreme Courtโs recent case,
GlaxoSmithKline v. Korea Fair Trade Commission, offers valuable insight into
how Korean courts will likely approach this issue. This Comment contends that
the U.S. case law, including Actavis, offers important insights for the Korean
legal community and that Koreaโs experiment has potential to offering a fresh
approach in tackling reverse payment settlement agreements
- โฆ