百済・栄山江流域と倭の相互交流とその歴史的役割 (第2部 総論)

本論は，日本列島・古墳時代および韓半島・三国時代の古墳・集落出土土器資料を対象に，5世紀代における栄山江流域を中心とする全羅道地域と日本列島中央部に位置する近畿地域との相互交流の実態を探ろうとするものである。そのために，次に述べる考古資料を対象に分析をおこなった。第一に，5世紀代における東アジア情勢を概観したうえで，????・有孔広口小壺という儀礼用土器に着目して，この土器が5世紀代に日本列島広域と全羅道地域を中核とする韓半島各地に共有される考古学的現象を捉えた。第二点目として，2000年代以降，栄山江流域を中心に資料数が増加した須恵器の時期比定を再検討し，日本列島における須恵器生産の再評価も加味して，須恵器に関しても日本列島と百済・全羅道地域の相互交流を確かめた。以上の土器からみえる相互交流は，近畿地域において有機的な関係をもって展開する集落出土韓半島系土器，手工業生産拠点，初期群集墳の動態と結びつけて捉えることが可能である。そこで第三の論点として，土器，集落，小規模古墳に関する近年の研究動向をふまえた上で，百済・栄山江流域との相互作用が，近畿地域内部における社会資本投資を促したという理解を提示した。以上の考古学的検討により，これまで古墳・墳墓出土資料では不鮮明であった5世紀代における全羅道地域における倭との相互交流が明確となり，さらに倭人社会における社会変化に人的交流が果たした役割が少なくないことをあらためて確かめた。6世紀代においては百済と倭のより直接的な相互交流が活性化するが，こうしたあり方は必ずしも5世紀代からの連続的な過程として捉えることは難しく，近畿地域においても中央およぶ地域社会をまき込んだ動的な変化が認められる。This paper explores the interactions between Jeolla Province, centered on the Yeongsan River basin, and the Kinki region, located in the middle of the Japanese archipelago, in the fifth century by looking at the earthenware excavated from the tumuli and settlements of the Japanese Kofun period and the Three Kingdoms period in the Korean Peninsula. For that purpose, I analyzed the following archaeological materials.First, after reviewing East Asia in the fifth century, I focused on the ritual pottery called Hasou (a teapot like small jar with a wide mouth and a hole) and assessed that this earthenware was used widely in both the Japanese archipelago and various parts of the Korean Peninsula, especially in Jeolla Province, in the fifth century. Second, I reexamined the identification of the period of Sue ware (unglazed ceramics), which has been excavated in increasing numbers since 2000, and confirmed the interactions between the Japanese archipelago and Baekje and the Yeongsan River basin in regard to Sue ware; this also involved reassessing the production of Sue ware in the Japanese archipelago. It is possible to understand the interactions seen from the earthenware described above by connecting the dynamics of the Korean-type earthenware, the production base of handicraft, and the early type of small tombs excavated from the settlements that developed organically in the Kinki region. As a third point of the discussion, I presented the idea, based on the research trends of recent years concerning earthenware, settlements, and small-scale tumuli, that the interactions with Baekje and the Yeongsan River basin had promoted social capital investments within the Kinki region.The above archaeological examinations clarified the circumstances of the interactions with Wa (Japan) in Jeolla Province in the fifth century, which has so far remained unclear from the excavated material from the tumuli/tombs, and I was able to confirm the significant role the interactions between the peoples played in the social changes in the Wa society. In the sixth century, the Baekje and Wa began active interaction, but it is difficult to regard such a movement as part of the continuous process carried over from the fifth century; we can also recognize the dynamic changes that involved the central as well as regional societies in the Kinki region

Paleolithic stone tools from the Hosono Site in Shunan city, Yamaguchi prefecture

Hosono site is a complex archaeological sites ranging from the Paleolithic Age to the Middle Ages. This sites situated at the upper stream of the Nishiki River in the Chugoku Mountains. This sites is located on a river terrace with an altitude around 255 m.　 In this paper, we report on the Palaeolithic stone tools from Hosono site.　These Paleolithic stone tools mainly consisted of tuff, and can be roughly classified three periods.　The first is a stone spear head, which is positioned at the end of the Upper Paleolithic Age − the early Jomon Age.　The second is a knife blade and a blade, which is positioned in the second half of the Upper Paleolithic Age.　These stone tools are close relation with stone tools of the eastern Kyushu district.　The third is a wide flake, a core, which is positioned in the first half of the late Paleolithic Age.　The stone tools collected from this site are important materials for considering the use of raw materials for stone tools and the relations of human group in the Upper Paleolithic Age in Southwest Japan

地域社会における日韓交流の考古学的研究

福岡大学201

東北大学埋蔵文化財調査年報14

仙台城二の丸北方武家屋敷跡第6地点の調査/青葉山遺跡E地点第5次調査/芦ノ口遺跡第4次調

千葉県君津市川谷地域に露出する中部更新統柿ノ木台層から産出する冷湧水化石群集: その時空分布と共産する自生炭酸塩

金沢大学国際基幹教育院 GS教育系冷湧水性群集が房総半島の中部更新統柿ノ木台層の陸棚相から産出する．群集は，化学合成二枚貝類から排他的になり，著しく13Cに枯渇した自生炭酸塩と共産することから，AOM（嫌気的メタン酸化）に依存していたと考えられる．自生炭酸塩は巣穴壁面と巣穴周囲の堆積物中に沈殿し，巣穴からスナモグリ類の爪化石と糞化石が産出することから，これらはスナモグリ類の巣穴であると考えられる．スナモグリ類はメタン生成帯まで巣穴を堀り，海水を巣穴深部へ供給し，AOMを活性化させることによって巣穴中の硫化水素イオン濃度を上昇させた．溶存酸素濃度が高い巣穴浅部では，硫黄酸化菌が繁茂し，スナモグリ類の食糧となった．巣穴深部では，浮遊する生物源炭酸塩などを核とした針状アラゴナイトが重力方向に沈下して炭酸塩ジオペタル状構造を形成し，巣穴周囲の堆積物中では，リン酸イオン濃度の上昇により高Mgカルサイトが，また硫酸イオンの枯渇によりドロマイトが沈殿した．Cold-seep-dependent molluscan assemblages occur in the outer-shelf facies of the middle Pleistocene Kakinokidai Formation of the Kazusa Group, a forearc basin-fill sequence on the Pacific side of central Japan, in strata corresponding to the interval 707.6-667.0 ka. The assemblages consist exclusively of chemosymbiotic bivalves (lucinids, thyasirids, and solemyids) and are associated with 13C-depleted authigenic carbonates (δ13C = −61.60‰ to −10.96‰ VPDB), which suggest that their main carbon source was anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Authigenic carbonate precipitates are common on burrow walls (mainly acicular aragonite) and the surrounding sediments (mainly micritic high-Mg calcite and dolomite). The burrows are cylindrical, 1.5-3.0 cm in diameter, and >1 m long. Callianassid claws and the trace fossil Palaxius (probable callianassid fecal pellets) in the burrow carbonates suggest that the burrows were produced by sediment-dwelling callianassid decapods.\nWe propose the following formation mechanism of burrows and their related authigenic carbonates. Firstly, callianassids produced deep burrows, penetrating the AOM zone and reaching the methanogenic zone. Methane then seeped into the burrows and AOM occurred in its deeper parts, promoted by a supply of seawater via callianassid activity, resulting in an increase in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide ions. Thiobacteria flourished in the shallower parts of the burrows, which were enriched in dissolved oxygen, and provided a source of food for the callianassids. In the deeper parts of the burrows, acicular aragonite precipitated around suspended carbonate nuclei and sank to the bottoms of the burrows, forming geopetal-like carbonate structures. In the surrounding sediment, high-Mg calcite precipitated in response to an increase in the concentration of phosphate ions (due to the decomposition of organic matter), and dolomite precipitated in response to decreasing concentrations of sulfate ions (caused by active AOM)

7～12世紀の琉球列島をめぐる3つの問題（第4部 異文化と境域）

20世紀後半の考古学は，７・８世紀頃の琉球列島社会を，東アジアの国家形成からとり残された，採取経済段階の停滞的な原始社会としてとらえてきた。文献研究からは，1980年代後半から，南島社会を発達した階層社会とみる議論が提起されてきたが，考古学では，階層社会の形成を模索しながらも考古学的確証が得られない状況がつづいてきた。このような状況が，1990年代末～2000年代初期における，「ヤコウガイ大量出土遺跡」の「発見」，初期琉球王陵・浦添ようどれの発掘調査，喜界島城久遺跡群の発掘調査などを契機に大きく変化してきた。７・８世紀の琉球社会像の見直しや，グスク時代の開始と琉球王国の形成をめぐる議論が沸騰している。本稿では，７～12世紀の琉球列島社会像の見直しをめぐる議論のなかから，①「ヤコウガイ大量出土遺跡」概念，②奄美諸島階層社会論，③城久遺跡群とグスク文化・グスク時代人形成の問題をとりあげて検討する。そして，流動的な状況にあるこの時期をめぐる研究の可能性を広げるために，ひとつの仮説を提示する。城久遺跡群を中心とした喜界島で９～12世紀にかけて，グスク時代的な農耕技術やグスク時代人の祖型も含めた「グスク文化の原型」が形成され，そして，グスク時代的農耕の展開による人口増大で島の人口圧が高まり，11～12世紀に琉球列島への移住がはじまることでグスク時代が幕開けしたのではないかという仮説である。Archaeology in the late 20th century had considered the society of the Ryukyu Islands in the 7th and 8th centuries to be stagnant and primitive with a hunter-gatherer economy; a society left behind by the new state formations in East Asia. Since the mid-1980s, the study of bibliographical sources has given rise to an alternative view of the Southern Islands as having an advanced hierarchical society; however, until the late 1990s to the early 2000s archaeological evidence to confirm this hypothesis had not been found. The situation changed significantly with the “discovery” of several sites with massive quantities of turban shells, and the finds of archaeological digs at the early Ryukyu Royal Mausoleum Urasoe Yodore, and at the Gusuku sites on Kikai Island. The examination of Ryuku society in the 7th and 8th centuries, and the start of the Gusuku Era, and the formation of the Ryuku Kingdom is giving rise to heated debate. From among the contending arguments concerning the social image of the Ryuku Islands in the 7th to 12th centuries, this paper considers the following three issues: 1) explanations of sites with massive quantities of turban shells; 2) a theory of hierarchical society in the Amami Islands; and 3) Gusuku sites and the formation of the Gusuku culture and people. To broaden the possibility of the research on this unclear period, the paper also presents a hypothesis: centering on the Gusuku sites of the Kikai Island, where between the 9th and 12th centuries a “prototype of Gusuku society and culture” including farming techniques typical of the Gusuku Era was established; increasing population pressure due to the development of typical Gusuku farming led to a migration to the Ryukyu Islands throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, and the consequent ushering in of the Gusuku Era

A Study of Relationship between Hydrogeological Structure and the Land Subsidence in the Small Coastal Plains, with Special Reference to the Haramachi District, Fukushima Prefecture

As to the land subsidence in the Haramachi district, the present paper clarifies its geological extent, stratigraphical horizons, mechanism, successive changes, a relation to social activities, and many other points by means of geological, hydrogeological, and soil engineering methods. Data for the research were obtained by drillings, microfossil analyses of drilling cores, 14C-datings, electric soundings and loggings, soil tests, field survey, observation of aerial photographs, levelling of piezometric and phreatic surfaces and bench marks, pumping tests, and estimation of the pumped-up volume of groundwater. The land subsidence of the Haramachi district occurs at the lowland area along the lower part of the Ota River, later extending to the terraces and hills. Stratigraphically, the subsidence concentratedly takes place in the "Alluvium", which consists mainly of silt, sand and peat, and the Tatsunokuchi Formation consisting of sandstone and siltstone is also affected. The land subsidence is chiefly caused by over-draft and influenced by soil-mechanical characters of confining layers and aquifers. The land subsidence in the Japanese coastal plains is divided into two types, A and B, according to the respective characteristics of horizontal as well as vertical extent of subsidence, and the damage degree brought by the subsidence. The A type is observed in the large coastal plains such as the Kanto, Niigata, Nobi, Osaka, and Shiroishi plains. In these plains, Quaternary tectonic movements called the Island-arc tectonic movement has violently taken place, and many aquifers and confining layers are developed in many stratigraphic horizons on a large scale. Therefore, groundwater utilization has been progressed, and the land subsidence extensively occurred both horizontally and vertically, and its damage often becomes serious. The B type is found in the small coastal plains, where the "Alluvium" is relatively thin and underlain with the Tertiary formation (bed rock) with or without the thin "Dillivium". In these places, the land subsidence locally occurs in the surficial layers. The land subsidence of the Haramachi district belongs to the latter B type. The present paper also proposes a new Holocene sea-level curve. According to the curve, the Early-Jomon transgression ranges from ca. 10,000 to ca. 6,000 years B. P., the small Jomon regression from ca. 6,000 to ca. 4,800 years B. P., the Late-Jomon transgression from ca. 4,800 to ca. 4,100 years B. P., the small Yayoi regression from ca. 4,100 to ca. 1,800 years B. P., and the recent sea-level from ca. 1,800 years B. P. to the present.Doctoral thesis（Science）presented to the Hiroshima University in 198