90,862 research outputs found
A three-dimensional macroscopic fundamental diagram for mixed bi-modal urban networks
Recent research has studied the existence and the properties of a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) for large urban networks. The MFD should not be universally expected as high scatter or hysteresis might appear for some type of networks, like heterogeneous networks or freeways. In this paper, we investigate if aggregated relationships can describe the performance of urban bi-modal networks with buses and cars sharing the same road infrastructure and identify how this performance is influenced by the interactions between modes and the effect of bus stops. Based on simulation data, we develop a three-dimensional vehicle MFD (3D-vMFD) relating the accumulation of cars and buses, and the total circulating vehicle flow in the network. This relation experiences low scatter and can be approximated by an exponential-family function. We also propose a parsimonious model to estimate a three-dimensional passenger MFD (3D-pMFD), which provides a different perspective of the flow characteristics in bi-modal networks, by considering that buses carry more passengers. We also show that a constant Bus-Car Unit (BCU) equivalent value cannot describe the influence of buses in the system as congestion develops. We then integrate a partitioning algorithm to cluster the network into a small number of regions with similar mode composition and level of congestion. Our results show that partitioning unveils important traffic properties of flow heterogeneity in the studied network. Interactions between buses and cars are different in the partitioned regions due to higher density of buses. Building on these results, various traffic management strategies in bi-modal multi-region urban networks can then be integrated, such as redistribution of urban space among different modes, perimeter signal control with preferential treatment of buses and bus priority
Integrating spatial and temporal approaches for explaining bicycle crashes in high-risk areas in Antwerp (Belgium)
The majority of bicycle crash studies aim at determining risk factors and estimating crash risks by employing statistics. Accordingly, the goal of this paper is to evaluate bicycle-motor vehicle crashes by using spatial and temporal approaches to statistical data. The spatial approach (a weighted kernel density estimation approach) preliminarily estimates crash risks at the macro level, thereby avoiding the expensive work of collecting traffic counts; meanwhile, the temporal approach (negative binomial regression approach) focuses on crash data that occurred on urban arterials and includes traffic exposure at the micro level. The crash risk and risk factors of arterial roads associated with bicycle facilities and road environments were assessed using a database built from field surveys and five government agencies. This study analysed 4120 geocoded bicycle crashes in the city of Antwerp (CA, Belgium). The data sets covered five years (2014 to 2018), including all bicycle-motorized vehicle (BMV) crashes from police reports. Urban arterials were highlighted as high-risk areas through the spatial approach. This was as expected given that, due to heavy traffic and limited road space, bicycle facilities on arterial roads face many design problems. Through spatial and temporal approaches, the environmental characteristics of bicycle crashes on arterial roads were analysed at the micro level. Finally, this paper provides an insight that can be used by both the geography and transport fields to improve cycling safety on urban arterial roads
A Resource Intensive Traffic-Aware Scheme for Cluster-based Energy Conservation in Wireless Devices
Wireless traffic that is destined for a certain device in a network, can be
exploited in order to minimize the availability and delay trade-offs, and
mitigate the Energy consumption. The Energy Conservation (EC) mechanism can be
node-centric by considering the traversed nodal traffic in order to prolong the
network lifetime. This work describes a quantitative traffic-based approach
where a clustered Sleep-Proxy mechanism takes place in order to enable each
node to sleep according to the time duration of the active traffic that each
node expects and experiences. Sleep-proxies within the clusters are created
according to pairwise active-time comparison, where each node expects during
the active periods, a requested traffic. For resource availability and recovery
purposes, the caching mechanism takes place in case where the node for which
the traffic is destined is not available. The proposed scheme uses Role-based
nodes which are assigned to manipulate the traffic in a cluster, through the
time-oriented backward difference traffic evaluation scheme. Simulation study
is carried out for the proposed backward estimation scheme and the
effectiveness of the end-to-end EC mechanism taking into account a number of
metrics and measures for the effects while incrementing the sleep time duration
under the proposed framework. Comparative simulation results show that the
proposed scheme could be applied to infrastructure-less systems, providing
energy-efficient resource exchange with significant minimization in the power
consumption of each device.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, To appear in the proceedings of IEEE 14th
International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications
(HPCC-2012) of the Third International Workshop on Wireless Networks and
Multimedia (WNM-2012), 25-27 June 2012, Liverpool, U
6G White Paper on Machine Learning in Wireless Communication Networks
The focus of this white paper is on machine learning (ML) in wireless
communications. 6G wireless communication networks will be the backbone of the
digital transformation of societies by providing ubiquitous, reliable, and
near-instant wireless connectivity for humans and machines. Recent advances in
ML research has led enable a wide range of novel technologies such as
self-driving vehicles and voice assistants. Such innovation is possible as a
result of the availability of advanced ML models, large datasets, and high
computational power. On the other hand, the ever-increasing demand for
connectivity will require a lot of innovation in 6G wireless networks, and ML
tools will play a major role in solving problems in the wireless domain. In
this paper, we provide an overview of the vision of how ML will impact the
wireless communication systems. We first give an overview of the ML methods
that have the highest potential to be used in wireless networks. Then, we
discuss the problems that can be solved by using ML in various layers of the
network such as the physical layer, medium access layer, and application layer.
Zero-touch optimization of wireless networks using ML is another interesting
aspect that is discussed in this paper. Finally, at the end of each section,
important research questions that the section aims to answer are presented
The assessment of traffic livability, including local effects at home, during trips and at the destination, based on the individual activity pattern and trip behaviour
The environmental quality of the living environment is mainly linked to the direct and indirect impact of traffic in the neighborhood of the dwellings. In the Flemish mobility and urban planning, the term ‘livability’ is used focusing on the living conditions of people’s home location: what is the satisfaction about their living environment? The more specific term ‘traffic livability’ is used to describe the impact of all types of traffic on the livability of a dwelling location. Some methodologies were developed for an objective measurement of the traffic impact on quality of life. In Flanders the most commonly used methodologies are the ‘traffic livability index’ and the ‘bearing capacity’, which use a very narrow interpretation of the traffic livability, as they are highly based on the local road design (number of lanes, cycle path, …) and the local traffic characteristics (traffic flow, speed, traffic safety, …) of the street of the dwelling. The main critic is that these methods should measure over the complete living environment of a person, rather than just at the dwelling. For this reason, an alternative methodology was developed for an objective measurement of the impact of traffic on the local quality of the living environment. Compared to the current practice, this new methodology aims at the following objectives: • The evaluation is not done for the average person, but includes individual needs and travel patterns, based on personal characteristics, representing the large diversity of the mobility needs. • The methodology should reflect a daily activity pattern, including the traveled routes and destinations. The traffic livability of a specific household in a specific area will reflect the full extent of their needs at home, during the trips and at the destinations. • Traffic livability is measured by means of a broad set of indicators, representing different types of traffic impacts (accessibility, traffic noise, traffic emissions, …). The separate indicators are combined into an evaluation of the traffic livability, including an extensive set of secondary effects. This is mainly realized by a better simulation of the personal trip behavior, using the data from the Flemish Trip Behavior Survey. In order to evaluate the livability at a certain home location (a number of) households are sampled from this database, with the specific characteristics of the household (composition, car availability, children, …), the people in the household (age, employment, …) and their activities and trip pattern. With this information, the different indicators for traffic livability can be evaluated on the home location, as well as during the trip and at the destination
An Overview on Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Optical Networks
Today's telecommunication networks have become sources of enormous amounts of
widely heterogeneous data. This information can be retrieved from network
traffic traces, network alarms, signal quality indicators, users' behavioral
data, etc. Advanced mathematical tools are required to extract meaningful
information from these data and take decisions pertaining to the proper
functioning of the networks from the network-generated data. Among these
mathematical tools, Machine Learning (ML) is regarded as one of the most
promising methodological approaches to perform network-data analysis and enable
automated network self-configuration and fault management. The adoption of ML
techniques in the field of optical communication networks is motivated by the
unprecedented growth of network complexity faced by optical networks in the
last few years. Such complexity increase is due to the introduction of a huge
number of adjustable and interdependent system parameters (e.g., routing
configurations, modulation format, symbol rate, coding schemes, etc.) that are
enabled by the usage of coherent transmission/reception technologies, advanced
digital signal processing and compensation of nonlinear effects in optical
fiber propagation. In this paper we provide an overview of the application of
ML to optical communications and networking. We classify and survey relevant
literature dealing with the topic, and we also provide an introductory tutorial
on ML for researchers and practitioners interested in this field. Although a
good number of research papers have recently appeared, the application of ML to
optical networks is still in its infancy: to stimulate further work in this
area, we conclude the paper proposing new possible research directions
Traffic Profiling for Mobile Video Streaming
This paper describes a novel system that provides key parameters of HTTP
Adaptive Streaming (HAS) sessions to the lower layers of the protocol stack. A
non-intrusive traffic profiling solution is proposed that observes packet flows
at the transmit queue of base stations, edge-routers, or gateways. By analyzing
IP flows in real time, the presented scheme identifies different phases of an
HAS session and estimates important application-layer parameters, such as
play-back buffer state and video encoding rate. The introduced estimators only
use IP-layer information, do not require standardization and work even with
traffic that is encrypted via Transport Layer Security (TLS). Experimental
results for a popular video streaming service clearly verify the high accuracy
of the proposed solution. Traffic profiling, thus, provides a valuable
alternative to cross-layer signaling and Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) in order
to perform efficient network optimization for video streaming.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in the proceedings of
IEEE ICC'1
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