260 research outputs found
Reinventing the Russian monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the dynasty, and the church
Reinventing the Russian Monarchy in the 1550s: Ivan the Terrible, the Dynasty, and the Church by Sergei Bogatyrev This article focuses on the political and cultural priorities of the Daniilovichi dynasty in the middle of the sixteenth century. In the late 1540s to 1550s Ivan IV faced two interrelated challenges: strengthening the prestige of the dynasty and securing succession for his heir. Using the relations with the Orthodox East, the court functionaries, apparently actively supported by Ivan, launched an ambitious dynastic project which was focused on the antiquity of the Muscovite dynasty, the confirmation of Ivan's title of tsar by the patriarch, and the commemoration of members of the dynasty in ancient ccntres of Orthodoxy. The 'Greek project' of Ivan the Terrible was a major step in turning the Muscovite monarchy into a dynastic state
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ "ΠΠ°ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ". ΠΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XV - ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XVI Π².
A new reading of the genealogy of the princes Fominsky-Travin: a story of wedding hexes
The article was submitted on 30.06.2016.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΠ²ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π» ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ (ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ) Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Ρ Π€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π° Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ XVI Π². Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. Π€ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ±Π΅ Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π²Π΅ΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ β Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎ Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Β«ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΒ» Π² Β«ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΒ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π°Π΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΠ²ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅.The article studies the legend of how a βwedding hexβ caused the divorce of Simeon Ivanovich Gordyi (the Proud), Grand Prince of Moscow. The various versions of this event in medieval sources and the interpretations in the research literature are discussed. According to the most popular version, the marriage between Simeon Gordyi and Grand Princess Eupraxia Fedorovna of Smolensk was not consummated because the princess was made to look like a corpse in her husbandβs eyes. Simeon thus sent the princess back to her father and entered into a new marriage, his third. This article demonstrates that this tale derives from a genealogical legend surrounding the origin of the princely Fominsky family. It is assumed that the legend was initially disseminated by the Karpov family, since they competed with the Fominskys for ancestral seniority. The legend appears for the first time in a Karpov genealogy dating from the first decade of the 16th century. Folkloric traditions are replete with tales of wedding accidents similar to that which befell Simeon Gordyi and Eupraxia Fedorovna. According to popular belief, a hex on either one of a newly-wed couple (or both) could lead to their physical transformation into an animal or hallucinations whereby oneβs partner seemed to become a snake, a wolf, or a bear. However, hallucinating that oneβs partner is a corpse was not a mainstay of folk traditions. Thus we may assume that the version of the legend that ultimately appeared might have been the result of either conscious distortion or reading errors. Linguistic slippage between the words βbearβ and βdeadβ is another potential reason when we consider the paleographic data and the history of language. Therefore the legend of the wedding hex on Princess Eupraxia Fedorovna should not be read literally
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² 1593 Π³
"ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°"
ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π΅Π³Π° "ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ°", ΠΊΠ°Π»Π³ΠΈ ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌ-ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ 1527 Π³. Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° "ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ" Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π° - ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ: Π½Π°Π±Π΅Π³ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊ Π² ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ 1558 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ 1558 Π³
ΠΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ: Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ XVI Π². ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π°
Destinies of Old Family Lands in the First Half of the 17th Century
The article was submitted on 18.09.2018.This article considers the peculiarities of the old family lands of the boyar elite in the first half of the 17th century. Despite the fact that many princes and boyars owned vast old family lands (the princes Shuysky, Romodanovsky, Pozharsky, Lykov, Repnin, Troekurov, Sitsky, Prozorovsky, and Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky, as well as the most prominent representatives of the old Moscow untitled boyars, such as the Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Morozovs, and Saltykovs), the history of these properties is not as transparent as many researchers believe. The author demonstrates that in the 17th century, most princes and boyars continued to own these legacies not only due to the principle of natural inheritance but also because they came into possession of lands they had lost in the 16th century during the Time of Troubles and the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich. These returns were not a general rule and did not apply to most of the service class. As a rule, old family lands were only returned to the most prominent boyars and courtiers as special grants for their services or because of their position at court. Among the people granted old family lands which they had lost under Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich in the 16th century (including the lands of distant relations), there were royal family members, favourites and the most prominent boyars (Ivan Nikitich Romanov, Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev, Prince Boris Mikhailovich Lykov, Prince Boris Alexandrovich Repnin, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, Prince Ivan Ivanovich Shuysky, the Romodanovsky, Prozorovsky, Sitsky, Troekurov, and Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky princes, and the old Moscow untitled boyars Morozov, Saltykov, Golovin, and Dolmatov-Karpov). Most of the other noble families either completely lost or owned insignificant remnants of their old family lands. Thus, even possession of such lands in the 17th century became a reward, which led to the increased dependence of the boyar elite on the monarchy.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XVII Π². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π² XVII Π². (ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·ΡΡ Π¨ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Π ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π’ΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π‘ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Ρ-Π ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ., Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° β Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π¨Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Ρ, ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² XVII Π². Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² XVI Π². Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π‘ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² XVI Π². ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π¨Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π¨ΡΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π‘ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π’ΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, ΠΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
-Π ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
-ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² XVII Π². Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ
- β¦