Circular 48

This report summarizes the vegetable-variety evaluations of the Horticulture Department of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1983. Variety trials were all conducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station's research farm at Fairbanks. The objective of this research is to select varieties of vegetables that are adapted to this environment. It also identifies types whose adaptability may be improved through development of improved cultural techniques. The selection effort is directed at finding varieties useful to both the commercial growers and home gardeners.Introduction -- Table 1: Climatic Data for the Fairbanks Growing Season: 1982, 1983 and the Long-Term Average -- Table 2: Broccoli Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 3: Brussels Sprouts Variety Trials, Upland, 1983. -- Table 4: Cabbage Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 5: Carrot Variety Trials, Bottomland, 1983 -- Table 6: Cauliflower Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 7: Celery Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 8: Cucumber Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 9: Egplant Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 10: Green Pea Variety Trials, Bottomland, 1983 -- Table 11: Crisphead Lettuce Variety Trials, Bottomland, 1983 -- Table 12: Pepper Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 13: Potato Variety Trials, Bottomland Peat, 1983 -- Table 14: Pumpkin Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 15: Snapbean Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 16: Summer Squash Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 17: Winter Squash Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 18: Sweet Corn Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 19: Tomato Variety Trials, Upland, 1983 -- Table 20: Container Tomato Variety Trials, 1983 -- Table 21: Miscellaneous Vegetables Tested -- Seed Source

Treaties as Law of the Land: The Supremacy Clause and the Judicial Enforcement of Treaties

Courts in recent years have perceived threshold obstacles to the enforcement of treaties deriving from their nature as contracts between nations that generally depend for their efficacy on the interest and honor of the parties, rather than on domestic adjudication. This approach to treaty enforcement is in tension with the Constitution’s declaration that treaties are part of the law of the land and its instruction to judges to give them effect. The Founders understood that treaties depended on interest and honor on the international plane, but they made treaties enforceable in our courts anyway in order to avoid the international friction that could be expected to result from treaty violations and to capture the benefits of a reputation for treaty compliance. The Supremacy Clause gives treaties a domestic judicial sanction that they would otherwise lack. It makes treaties enforceable in the courts in the same circumstances as the other two categories of norms specified in the clause—federal statutes and the Constitution itself. The sole exception to this rule is for treaties that are non-self-executing in the sense contemplated by the Court in Foster v. Neilson. The concept of a non-self-executing treaty fits uneasily with the Supremacy Clause, as reflected in the common but untenable view that non-self-executing treaties lack the force of domestic law. According to Foster, a non-self-executing treaty is not enforceable in the courts because it is addressed to the political branches. But determining which treaties are so addressed has been challenging. Treaties generally leave the question of domestic implementation to the domestic laws of the states-parties, and our domestic law (the Supremacy Clause) directs judges to give them effect. The author argues that the Supremacy Clause establishes a default rule that treaties are directly enforceable in the courts like other laws, rebuttable only by a clear statement that the obligations imposed by the treaty are subject to legislative implementation. If the stipulation had to appear in the text of the treaty, the clear statement rule would present problems for U.S. treaty makers seeking to control the domestic consequences of multilateral treaties. To address this problem, the treaty makers have developed a new form of clear statement, the “declaration” of non-self-execution. However, scholars have questioned the compatibility of such declarations with the Supremacy Clause. The author concludes that the treaty makers have the power to limit the domestic effects of treaties through declarations of non-self-execution. On the other hand, if the Constitution were understood to establish a default rule of non-self-execution, declarations of self-execution would stand on more tenuous ground. Thus, a default rule of self-execution is not only more consistent with the constitutional text and structure and with Supreme Court precedent, it is also normatively attractive because it leaves the treaty makers with the power to control the domestic consequences of the treaties they conclude

The Crescent Student Newspaper, November 6, 1981

Student newspaper of Pacific College (later George Fox University). 8 pages, black and white.https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/the_crescent/1983/thumbnail.jp

Matthew, matriculation, and ministry

Proverbs 8:22-96, 2 Corinthians 5:14-6:2, Matthew 9:9-13

A small angle neutron scattering and Mössbauer spectrometry study of magnetic structures in nanocrystalline Ni3Fe

Results are reported from small angle neutron scattering and Mössbauer spectrometry measurements on nanocrystalline Ni3Fe. The nanocrystalline materials were prepared by mechanical attrition and studied in the as-milled state, after annealing at 265 °C to relieve internal stress, and after annealing 600 °C to prepare a control sample comprising large crystals. The small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements were performed for a range of applied magnetic fields. Small differences were found in how the different samples reached magnetic saturation. From the SANS data obtained at magnetic saturation, we found little difference in the nuclear scattering of the as-milled material and the material annealed at 265 °C. Reductions in nuclear scattering and magnetic scattering were observed for the control sample, and this was interpreted as grain growth. The material annealed at 265 °C also showed a reduction in magnetic SANS compared to the as-milled material. This was interpreted as an increase in magnetic moments of atoms at the grain boundaries after a low temperature annealing. Both Mössbauer spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering showed an increase in the grain boundary magnetic moments after the 265 °C annealing (0.2 and 0.4µB/atom, respectively), even though there was little change in the grain boundary atomic density

Attraction of \u3ci\u3ePedilus Lugubris\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae) to \u3ci\u3eEpicauta Murina\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eEpicauta Fabricii\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and New Food Plant Records for \u3ci\u3eEpicauta\u3c/i\u3e Spp.

Pedilus lugubris was found associated with Epicauta murina feeding on Lathyrus venosus foliage and with E. fabricii feeding on Lupinus perennis flowers. Epicauta cinerea and E. funebris were found feeding on foliage of Anemone canadensis and Physalis heterophylla, respectively. This is the first reported association of P lugubris with any species of Epicauta, and the first reported use of Lathyrus venosus by E. murina, of Lupinus perennis by E. fabricii, of Anemone canadensis by E. cinerea and of Physalis heterophylla by E. funebris