Mogilisatsiya – The Rights and Refugee Status Eligibility of Russian Absolute and Selective Conscientious Objectors during the War in Ukraine

This thesis sets out to define and contextualize the right to conscientious objection to military service within the field of international human rights law and refugee law. Practicing conscientious objection to military service during wartime is difficult, whether selectively objecting to the current conflict or to any military service in an absolute sense. As Russia entered a state of partial mobilization due to their invasion of Ukraine such an issue became highly relevant. It concerns a non-democratic state, with certain protections for conscientious objectors, conducting a war of aggression that has come to feature many cases of accused war crimes and that has strongly repressed any domestic opposition to its conduct. Examining the human rights instruments binding (pre-war) Russia, the ICCPR and ECHR, the status of conscientious objection as a derivative human right under the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion will be contrasted to its practical implementation in Russian society through the civilian alternative to military service. This institutionalization of conscientious objection is examined through the domestic law establishing alternative service, the ECtHR judgement examining the law’s implementation as well as reports of current practice of its implementation in Russia – pointing to some grave inadequacies. Among these are the problematic process of applying for alternative service before the military authorities as well as the arbitrary inaccessibility of making such an application. Adding to this is recent domestic Russian reforms which restrict the rights of persons who do not comply with draft calls and reported cases of persons being threatened as well as forced into armed service when attempting to appeal such draft calls. The case is therefore made that Russian practice towards conscientious objectors could amount to persecution. Focusing on international protection in the EU, relevant international legal sources is examined to point out what conditions a Russian conscientious objector would have to meet to qualify for refugee status in Europe, or if not then some form of subsidiary protection. With a basis in doctrine and UNHCR guidelines on international protection regarding interpreting the relevant legal sources the case is made that Russian conscientious objector’s asylum applications should be given due regard on account of the persecution their conscientious stances would bring about. This is however contrasted with state practice of EU member states, both in past application processes, as well as through contemporary statements by government officials and heads of state being reluctant or outright dismissive of such applications. Thus, potentially neglecting to provide adequate protection to persons conscientiously objecting to a war that the same member states also strongly condemn

Безопасность жизнедеятельности: сборник законодательных актов и нормативно-правовой документации

В сборник помещены федеральные законы, постановления правительства Российской Федерации, нормативные акты по вопросам в области защиты населения и территорий от чрезвычайных ситуаций природного и техногенного характера. Приводятся базовые нормативные документы по вопросам безопасности, гражданской обороны, национальной безопасности Российской Федерации. Сборник нормативных документов рекомендуется для студентов института физической культуры, спорта и восстановительной медицины дневной и заочной форм обучения, а также всех факультетов педагогических вузов, учителей, администрации общеобразовательных и детских учреждений050100.62 Педагогическиое образование. Образование в области физической культуры и безопасности жизнедеятельностиБезопасность жизнедеятельностибакалавриа