National Resource Governance System in a Universal Context: Analysis of PKBN Implementation of Supporting Components and Formation of Reserve Components

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the National Defense Awareness Education (PKBN), the organization of National Defense Supporting Components (Komduk), and the formation of National Defense Reserve Components (Komcad) as part of Indonesia’s universal defense system. Using a qualitative exploratory approach, data were collected through observations and in-depth interviews with stakeholders from relevant ministries, the education sector, civil society, and the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and Police (POLRI). Data analysis employed triangulation supported by civic duty theory, national defense theory, and the collaborative public governance model. The results indicate that the implementation of PKBN is still uneven and lacks standardization across institutions. The Komduk arrangements have not yet been supported by comprehensive regulations regarding standards, procedures, and management mechanisms. This is while the Komcad formation faces challenges in integration with regular forces and the absence of a clear operational system. Despite these constraints, the universal defense system concept linking PKBN, Komduk, and Komcad has the potential to strengthen both national defense and socio-economic resilience through participatory civil involvement. The study concludes that cross-sectoral coordination, regulatory reform, and continuous public education are essential to achieving an effective and democratic total defense system. The findings contribute to enhancing understanding and policy formulation in managing national resources for defense in Indonesia