Advancing Forensic Investigations: Biomarker Identification through Entomology and Chemical Fingerprinting

Abstract

Evolving practices in forensic science are shifting toward the use of biological and chemical evidence to enhance precision, reliability, and interpretive depth in criminal investigations. Integration of entomology with chemical fingerprinting presents a powerful strategy for identifying biomarkers that remain stable across varied postmortem and environmental conditions. Insects associated with decomposing remains serve as sensitive biological matrices capable of recording temporal exposure to drugs, toxins, and pollutants. Their tissues, exoskeletons, and byproducts such as secretions and pupal casings act as chemical archives that retain forensic relevance when traditional samples degrade. This review explores the underlying principles of chemical fingerprinting applied to entomological evidence, addressing methods for biomarker discovery, analytical validation, and forensic deployment. Emphasis is placed on the expanding role of aquatic and semi-aquatic insects, enabling forensic investigations in challenging environments. Advantages, limitations, and the evidentiary significance of insect-based biomarkers are critically examined. Furthermore, the discussion highlights future research directions involving integration of omics technologies, predictive modeling, and cross-disciplinary training to bridge laboratory innovation with applied forensic practice. Consolidation of these emerging approaches reveals the potential for insect-derived chemical biomarkers to contribute meaningfully to forensic toxicology, postmortem interval estimation, and environmental crime investigation