Keselamatan dan Proteksi Baterai Sepeda Motor Listrik: Studi Kasus Analisis Kegagalan Pada Insiden Kebakaran Kapal Motor Penumpang (KMP) Tranship 1

Abstract

The adoption of electric motorcycles in Indonesia has seen rapid growth, driven by the push toward a sustainable energy transition. However, battery safety remains a significant concern, particularly with Lithium-ion and Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) battery types. This study aims to analyze the failure mechanisms behind a fire incident on the passenger motor vessel (KMP) Tranship 1, which was allegedly triggered by a Lithium-ion battery from an electric motorcycle lacking an adequate protection system. The analysis employs Fishbone Diagrams and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), drawing on data from field case studies, evaluations of protection systems in locally manufactured electric motorcycles, and a review of relevant technical literature. The root cause analysis using the Fishbone Diagram identifies several contributing factors to fire risk, including improper usage and charging practices, inadequate transportation methods, extreme environmental conditions, and equipment failure. Findings from the Fault Tree Analysis highlight the critical role of safety components such as fuses, circuit breakers, and ventilation systems in preventing battery-related fires or explosions in electric vehicles. Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of multilayered protection systems, the use of standardized chargers, and the development of national regulations aligned with international safety standards. The incorporation of a Battery Management System (BMS) is also strongly recommended to enhance battery safety and reliability.Penggunaan sepeda motor listrik di Indonesia mengalami pertumbuhan pesat seiring dengan dorongan penggunaan transisi energi berkelanjutan. Namun, aspek keselamatan baterai menjadi tantangan penting, terutama pada jenis Lithium-ion dan Sealed Lead Acid (SLA). Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis kegagalan terkait dengan insiden kebakaran yang terjadi pada Kapal Motor Penumpang (KMP) Tranship 1 yang diduga dipicu oleh baterai Lithium-ion dari sepeda motor listrik yang tidak memiliki sistem proteksi memadai. Metode yang digunakan mencakup diagram Fishbone dan diagram pohon akar penyebab kesalahan (Fault Tree Analysis) berdasarkan data hasil studi kasus lapangan, peninjauan sistem proteksi pada motor listrik produksi lokal, serta kajian literatur teknis. Hasil analisis akar penyebab masalah dengan diagram Fishbone menunjukkan bahwa beberapa faktor seperti kesalahan penggunaan dan pada saat engisian daya, metode pengangkutan yang tidak tepat, kondisi lingkungan ekstrem, dan kerusakan peralatan dapat berkontribusi terhadap risiko kebakaran. Hasil Fault Tree Analysis  (FTA) menunjukkan bahwa sistem sekering, pemutus arus, dan ventilasi memegang peranan penting dalam mencegah insiden kebakaran atau ledakan dari baterai kendaraan listrik. Studi ini merekomendasikan penerapan sistem proteksi berlapis, penggunaan charger sesuai standar, serta penyusunan regulasi nasional yang mengadopsi standar keselamatan internasional. Battery Management System (BMS)