Tawhidic HMB framework safeguarding kinship and nurturing life: a Tawhidic epistemology framework for digitalised Shariah-compliant human milk banking

Abstract

Human milk banking (HMB) is widely recognised as a critical public health intervention that improves survival and health outcomes among preterm and medically vulnerable infants. However, in Muslim-majority contexts, the implementation of HMB remains ethically complex due to concerns surrounding raḍāʿah (milk kinship), lineage integrity, and long-term social implications. While existing studies have examined medical benefits, community acceptance, and isolated digital solutions, the literature remains fragmented, with limited integration between Islamic ethical principles and contemporary digital health system design