Kemampuan spasial merupakan kemampuan kognitif penting dalam pembelajaran geometri, khususnya pada materi transformasi geometri yang menuntut visualisasi, manipulasi mental, dan perubahan perspektif, serta dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan gaya kognitif Field Independent (FI) dan Field Dependent (FD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan spasial siswa FI dan FD pada aspek visualisasi spasial, rotasi mental, dan orientasi spasial, serta menelaah tahapan proses berpikir siswa berdasarkan teori APOS (Action–Process–Object–Schema) dalam menyelesaikan soal transformasi geometri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan subjek enam siswa kelas IX yang dipilih berdasarkan hasil Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), terdiri atas tiga siswa FI dan tiga siswa FD. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes kemampuan spasial dan wawancara semi-terstruktur, kemudian dianalisis untuk mengidentifikasi capaian kemampuan spasial serta tahapan proses berpikir siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan spasial siswa FI dan FD tidak berkembang secara merata pada seluruh aspek. Siswa FI cenderung menunjukkan capaian lebih baik pada aspek visualisasi spasial, sementara capaian pada aspek rotasi mental dan orientasi spasial bervariasi dan tidak seluruh siswa FI memenuhi indikator. Pada siswa FD, kemampuan spasial umumnya hanya tampak pada aspek visualisasi spasial, sedangkan pada aspek rotasi mental dan orientasi spasial seluruh siswa FD mengalami kesulitan. Analisis tahapan APOS menunjukkan bahwa sebagian siswa FI mampu mencapai tahap schema, sedangkan siswa FD umumnya berhenti pada tahap action. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya memperhatikan proses berpikir siswa dan perbedaan gaya kognitif dalam pembelajaran transformasi geometri.
Spatial ability is an important cognitive ability in learning geometry, particularly in geometric transformation topics that require visualization, mental manipulation, and changes in perspective, and it is influenced by differences in cognitive styles, namely Field Independent (FI) and Field Dependent (FD). This study aims to analyze the spatial abilities of FI and FD students in the aspects of spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial orientation, as well as to examine students’ stages of thinking processes based on APOS theory (Action–Process–Object–Schema) in solving geometric transformation problems. This study employed a qualitative approach with six Grade IX students selected based on the results of the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), consisting of three FI students and three FD students. Data were collected through a spatial ability test and semi-structured interviews and then analyzed to identify students’ spatial ability achievements and stages of thinking processes. The results indicate that the spatial abilities of FI and FD students do not develop evenly across all aspects. FI students tend to demonstrate better achievement in spatial visualization, while achievements in mental rotation and spatial orientation vary and not all FI students meet the indicators. For FD students, spatial ability generally appears only in the aspect of spatial visualization, whereas all FD students experience difficulties in mental rotation and spatial orientation. The APOS stage analysis shows that some FI students are able to reach the schema stage, whereas FD students generally stop at the action stage. These findings emphasize the importance of considering students’ thinking processes and differences in cognitive styles in teaching geometric transformations
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