Towards a just energy transition and clean energy in Indonesia: Legal challenges from dependence on coal

Abstract

Background: The energy transition in Indonesia faces fundamental challenges arising from inconsistent regulations that maintain dependence on coal, despite Indonesia's and global commitments to decarbonization. The enactment of Government Regulation No. 40 of 2025 on National Energy Policy and Presidential Regulation No. 112 of 2022 on the Acceleration of Renewable Energy Development for Electricity Providers reflects a dualism in policy, as evidenced by the expansion of the renewable energy mix and the allowance for coal-fired power plants to operate until 2050. Methods: This study uses a normative method and critically examines the legal framework. The analysis draws on the theory of energy justice, which focuses on fair distribution of burdens and benefits and on procedural inclusiveness. It also applies the theory of ecological justice, which highlights the need to protect ecosystems and intergenerational rights. Findings: This study finds that energy governance in Indonesia reflects dual regulation. The policy continues to rely on coal while claiming to promote renewable energy. Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies is presented as a decarbonization strategy, but in reality, it delays the transition to clean energy. Conclusion: The energy transition in Indonesia remains hampered by legal inconsistencies. On one hand, policies promote renewable energy; on the other, they maintain coal use. Legal analysis shows that new energy transformation policies fail to achieve justice, inclusiveness, and ecological sustainability. Therefore, a New and Renewable Energy Bill and a Climate Justice Bill are needed to realize an energy transition that is fair, sustainable, and consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study develops a framework that combines energy and ecological justice to assess Indonesia’s energy transition policies from a legal perspective