Pengetahuan dan Sikap Ibu Hamil terhadap Swamedikasi: Analisis Faktor Demografi dan Riwayat Penyakit Kronis

Abstract

Swamedikasi pada wanita hamil memerlukan kehati-hatian karena dapat menimbulkan risiko bagi ibu maupun janin, sehingga pengetahuan dan sikap yang tepat sangat penting untuk memastikan keamanan penggunaan obat selama kehamilan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap wanita hamil terhadap swamedikasi di Kota Yogyakarta, serta faktor karakteristik yang berhubungan dengan keduanya. Desain penelitian dengan potong lintang pada 150 wanita hamil, menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur yang telah tervalidasi, dilakukan di RSKIA PKU Muhammadiyah Kotagede dan Klinik Puri Adisty Yogyakarta pada Maret–Mei 2024. Uji statistik menggunakan rank spearman (usia, usia kehamilan, pendidikan, pendapatan, dan jarak faskes) dan chi square (pekerjaan, riwayat penyakit kronis, jumlah kehamilan). Hasil menunjukkan mayoritas responden berusia 20–30 tahun (56%), trimester III kehamilan (53,33%), primigravida (54,67%), berpendidikan terakhir SMA/ sederajat (57,33%), tidak bekerja (64,67%), pendapatan keluarga >Rp3.000.000 (60%), jarak rumah ke faskes >2 km (54,67%), dan tidak memiliki penyakit kronis (77,33%). Responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan tinggi (62,03%) dan sikap positif (84,81%) terhadap swamedikasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa wanita hamil di Kota Yogyakarta memiliki pengetahuan tinggi dan sikap positif terhadap swamedikasi, tidak ditemukan demografi yang berkorelasi dengan pengetahuan, namun sikap responden terbukti dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh tingkat pendidikan (p=0,032) dan riwayat penyakit kronis (p=0,002).   Self-medication during pregnancy requires caution due to potential risks to both the mother and fetus; therefore, appropriate knowledge and attitudes are crucial to ensure medication safety. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women toward self-medication in Yogyakarta City, as well as to analyze the characteristic factors associated with them. This was a cross-sectional study involving 150 pregnant women selected using accidental sampling. Data collection was conducted using a validated structured questionnaire at RSKIA PKU Muhammadiyah Kotagede and Puri Adisty Clinic Yogyakarta from March to May 2024. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman Rank test (for age, gestational age, education, income, and distance to health facilities) and the Chi-Square test (for occupation, history of chronic disease, and number of pregnancies). The results showed that the majority of respondents were aged 20–30 years (56%), in the third trimester of pregnancy (53.33%), primigravida (54.67%), had a high school education or equivalent (57.33%), were unemployed (64.67%), had a family income >IDR 3,000,000 (60%), lived >2 km from health facilities (54.67%), and had no history of chronic disease (77.33%). Respondents demonstrated a high level of knowledge (62.03%) and a positive attitude (84.81%) toward self-medication. It can be concluded that pregnant women in Yogyakarta City possess high knowledge and positive attitudes toward self-medication. Although no demographic characteristics were found to correlate with knowledge, respondents attitudes were significantly influenced by education level (p=0.032) and history of chronic disease (p=0.002)