Evaluating Mouthguard Performance: A Novel Test and Maxilla Strain Analysis

Abstract

Oral and dental injuries are common in high-contact sports, yet many players forgo mouthguards due to discomfort and poor fit. Methods for mouthguard testing exist; however, developing a testing environment that accurately reproduces real-world impact scenarios is inherently difficult due to the limitations of replicating such scenarios in a laboratory setting. Prior studies have laid the groundwork for mouthguard testing; however, they also reveal notable limitations in their testing methodology. With a lack of a universally standardized testing method and the gaps observed in previous research, there is a clear need for a novel testing design. This forms the basis for the objectives of this study, which includes developing a realistic and consistent testing methodology that directly addresses the current challenges in mouthguard evaluation and using the proposed methodology to evaluate the mechanical performance and protective effectiveness of leading commercial mouthguards. The testing method of this study is a drop-tower apparatus that features a vertically positioned, 3D-printed stainless steel of the student’s maxilla to ensure consistent mouthguard fitting and results. A modified rubber puck, positioned above the central incisors, served as the impactor. Impact stress on the jaw was quantified with a 5,000 pound-force load cell and analyzed via oscilloscope. Digital Image Correlation, a technique for tracking deformation on a targeted surface, was utilized to measure strain. The flat surface of the horseshoe-shaped jaw was marked with a speckle pattern, with high-speed camera footage of each test processed in VIC-2D. MATLAB was used to analyze average strain and strain under impact energies of 21, 48, and 84-joules. The testing apparatus was successful in determining the performance of a range of commercial mouthguards. Overall, the results indicate that the methodology developed in this study offers strong potential as a standardized framework for future mouthguard evaluation.No embargoAcademic Major: Mechanical Engineerin